Nervous 1

Question 1

what is a ganglion?

Answer 1

a centralized group of electrically active cells

Question 2

what is a brain?

Answer 2

a centralized command over the entire body, two lobes, more interneurons than direct primary neurons

Question 3

when does a ganglion become a brain?

Answer 3

when there are two lobes, if it has more interneurons than primary ones, and if it has centralized command

Question 4

what is the neocortex?

Answer 4

part of the cerebral cortex, highly organized and complex, has 6 layers

Question 5

does having more neurons mean you’re smarter?

Answer 5

NO! whales have very complex neocortex, birds don’t have one but are very smart

Question 6

frontal lobe is for

Answer 6

motor cortex, planning, long term memories, higher functions

Question 7

temporal lobe is for

Answer 7

auditory cortex, memory formation, communication, facial recognition

Question 8

pareital lobe does what

Answer 8

sensory integration from multiple modalities (somatosensory cortex)

Question 9

what cations and anions do neurons use?

Answer 9

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and other anions

Question 10

resting membrane potential is around

Answer 10

-60-70 mV due to a negative charge built up on the interior of the neuron

Question 11

ions always want to flow _____ to eliminate electrical potentials.

Answer 11

down concentration gradients

Question 12

resting membrane potential is maintained by _____

Answer 12

ion pumps, sodium potassium pumps

Question 13

maintaining resting membrane potential is ______

Answer 13

an energy intensive process, 1 ATP per 3 Na+ ions

Question 14

what are the two types of passive transport channels?

Answer 14

ligand-gated channels and voltage-gated channels

Question 15

voltage gated sodium channels open at _____ and inactivate at

Answer 15

-50 to -55 mV

over 0

Question 16

voltage-gated potassium channels open at and inactivate at

Answer 16

0mV

-90mV

Question 17

action potentials are initiated at the

Answer 17

axon hillock

Question 18

rate of propagation is determined by

Answer 18

axon diameter: larger diameter means faster impulse

presence of myelin sheath: myelin means faster

Question 19

what are the two mechanisms of propagation?

Answer 19

continuous (unmyelinated) and saltatory (myelinated)

Question 20

what is the threshold level for an action potential?

Answer 20

-55mV

Question 21

what is a graded potential?

Answer 21

small fluctuations in membrane potential due to the opening of ion channels

Question 22

depolarization has ___ potential and hyperpolarization has ____ potential

Answer 22

excitatory

inhibitory

Question 23

ionotropic receptors are ______. when the receptor is activated, the ion channel ____. can be either _____ or ____. they signal ____

Answer 23

ligand-gated ion channels

opens

excitatory

inhibitory

quickly

Question 24

metabotropic receptors are often _____. this signaling ____ and this is a _____

Answer 24

linked to an ion channel via signaling cascade

persists longer

G coupled protein receptor

Question 25

______ is the most abundant neurotransmitter, with it present in about 80% of all synapses in the brain.

Answer 25

glutamate

Question 26

_____ is the brain’s major inhibitory receptor.

Answer 26

GABA

Question 27

______ is the spinal cord’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 27

glycine

Question 28

what is epilepsy?

Answer 28

a chronic seizure disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures

Question 29

what is a seizure?

Answer 29

the clinical manifestation of an abnormal and excessive excitation and synchronization of neurons

Question 30

what are the two types of epilepsy in animals?

Answer 30

idiopathic and symptomatic

Question 31

what are the causes of symptomatic epilepsy?

Answer 31

head injury, CNS infection, stroke, tumour, hypoglycemia, heat exhaustion, fever, parasites, poisoning

Question 32

seizures are induced by ______. this is caused by ____

Answer 32

hyperexcitability of neuronal networks

loss of balance between excitation and inhibition such as ion concentration mess up, ion channel function mess up, structural changes in synapses

Question 33

how do you treat epilepsy?

Answer 33

by decreasing excitabiity or increasing inhibition