Nervous 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a ganglion?

A

a centralized group of electrically active cells

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2
Q

what is a brain?

A

a centralized command over the entire body, two lobes, more interneurons than direct primary neurons

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3
Q

when does a ganglion become a brain?

A

when there are two lobes, if it has more interneurons than primary ones, and if it has centralized command

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4
Q

what is the neocortex?

A

part of the cerebral cortex, highly organized and complex, has 6 layers

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5
Q

does having more neurons mean you’re smarter?

A

NO! whales have very complex neocortex, birds don’t have one but are very smart

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6
Q

frontal lobe is for

A

motor cortex, planning, long term memories, higher functions

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7
Q

temporal lobe is for

A

auditory cortex, memory formation, communication, facial recognition

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8
Q

pareital lobe does what

A

sensory integration from multiple modalities (somatosensory cortex)

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9
Q

what cations and anions do neurons use?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and other anions

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10
Q

resting membrane potential is around

A

-60-70 mV due to a negative charge built up on the interior of the neuron

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11
Q

ions always want to flow _____ to eliminate electrical potentials.

A

down concentration gradients

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12
Q

resting membrane potential is maintained by _____

A

ion pumps, sodium potassium pumps

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13
Q

maintaining resting membrane potential is ______

A

an energy intensive process, 1 ATP per 3 Na+ ions

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14
Q

what are the two types of passive transport channels?

A

ligand-gated channels and voltage-gated channels

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15
Q

voltage gated sodium channels open at _____ and inactivate at

A

-50 to -55 mV

over 0

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16
Q

voltage-gated potassium channels open at and inactivate at

A

0mV

-90mV

17
Q

action potentials are initiated at the

A

axon hillock

18
Q

rate of propagation is determined by

A

axon diameter: larger diameter means faster impulse

presence of myelin sheath: myelin means faster

19
Q

what are the two mechanisms of propagation?

A

continuous (unmyelinated) and saltatory (myelinated)

20
Q

what is the threshold level for an action potential?

A

-55mV

21
Q

what is a graded potential?

A

small fluctuations in membrane potential due to the opening of ion channels

22
Q

depolarization has ___ potential and hyperpolarization has ____ potential

A

excitatory

inhibitory

23
Q

ionotropic receptors are ______. when the receptor is activated, the ion channel ____. can be either _____ or ____. they signal ____

A

ligand-gated ion channels

opens

excitatory

inhibitory

quickly

24
Q

metabotropic receptors are often _____. this signaling ____ and this is a _____

A

linked to an ion channel via signaling cascade

persists longer

G coupled protein receptor

25
Q

______ is the most abundant neurotransmitter, with it present in about 80% of all synapses in the brain.

A

glutamate

26
Q

_____ is the brain’s major inhibitory receptor.

A

GABA

27
Q

______ is the spinal cord’s major inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

glycine

28
Q

what is epilepsy?

A

a chronic seizure disorder with recurrent unprovoked seizures

29
Q

what is a seizure?

A

the clinical manifestation of an abnormal and excessive excitation and synchronization of neurons

30
Q

what are the two types of epilepsy in animals?

A

idiopathic and symptomatic

31
Q

what are the causes of symptomatic epilepsy?

A

head injury, CNS infection, stroke, tumour, hypoglycemia, heat exhaustion, fever, parasites, poisoning

32
Q

seizures are induced by ______. this is caused by ____

A

hyperexcitability of neuronal networks

loss of balance between excitation and inhibition such as ion concentration mess up, ion channel function mess up, structural changes in synapses

33
Q

how do you treat epilepsy?

A

by decreasing excitabiity or increasing inhibition

34
Q
A