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VETM 321 > Blood 3 and 4 lectures > Flashcards

Blood 3 and 4 lectures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common formed element in the blood?

A

Red blood cells

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2
Q

Why are RBCs biconcave? Why are they flexible?

A

Biconcave shape allows for greater surface area for gas exchange

they are flexible so they can pass through tiny spaces like capillaries

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3
Q

Which type of blood cell lacks most organelles and also lacks a mucleus?

A

RBCs

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4
Q

WHat is the lifespan of a RBC? Where are they produced?

A

120 days

bone marrow

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5
Q

Globin conatins two ____ and two _____ subunits

A

alpha, beta

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6
Q

What is the role of heme?

A

It contains iron, which oxygen can bind to

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7
Q

One RBC contains about _____ hemoglobin molecules

A

300 million

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8
Q

In the lungs, hemoglobin picks up____, which binds to the _____forming _______, which is the color _____. Oxygenated blood travels to capillaries where it releases _____, becoming ____ which is the color _____.

A

oxygen

iron ions

oxyhemoglobin

red

oxygen

deoxyhemoglobin

dark red

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9
Q

Oxygen release depends on the _______ in the surrounding tissues; hemoglobin rarely releases ______

A

need for oxygen

all of its oxygen

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10
Q

CO2 binds to the _____ in the hemoglobin, forming a molecule known as _____

A

amino acids

carbaminohemoglobin

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11
Q

What is carboxyhemoglobin?

A

the molecule that forms when carbon monoxide binds to the hemoglobin instead of carbon dioxide.

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12
Q

Anemia can be casued by what 3 things?

A

not enough RBCs, not enough hemoglobin, or abnormal hemoglobin

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13
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

abnormal hemoglobin causes the RBCs to have a weird sickle shape. they therefore do not carry oxygen very well and they can get stuck in capillaries

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14
Q

What is polycythemia?

What are the 2 common causes?

A

Way to many RBCs which increases the viscosity of the blood which slows down flow.

Causes: bone marrow cancer, or low oxygen at high altitudes

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15
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

In bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

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16
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) are split into categories, granulocytes and agranuclocytes. Which types fall into both categories?

A

Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes

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17
Q

Neutrophils make up what percent of the WBCs in the blood?

What does their nucleus look like?

How long does development take?

What is their lifespan?

What is their function?

A

40-70%

multilobed nucleus

6-9 days

6 hours to a few days

phagocytize bacteria

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18
Q

Eosinophils make up what percent of the WBCs in the blood?

What does their nucleus look like?

How long does development take?

What is their lifespan?

What is their function?

A

1-4%

bilobed nucleus

6-9 days

8-12 days

kill parasitic worms, destroy antigen-antibody complexes

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19
Q

Basophils make up what percent of the WBCs in the blood?

What does their nucleus look like?

How long does development take?

What is their lifespan?

What is their function?

A

0.5%

Lobed

3-7 days

a few hours to a few days

release histamine and other things for imflammation, also contain heparin (an anticogulant)

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20
Q

Lymphocytes make up what percent of the WBCs in the blood?

What does their nucleus look like?

How long does development take?

What is their lifespan?

What is their function?

A

20-45%

spherical nuclei

days to weeks

hours to years

immune response: direct attack with T cells or antibodies with B cells

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21
Q

Monocytes make up what percent of the WBCs in the blood?

What does their nucleus look like?

How long does development take?

What is their lifespan?

What is their function?

A

4-8%

U shaped nucleus

2-3 days

months

phagocytosis (macrophages in tissues)

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22
Q

Name all the WBC types in order from most to least abundant

A

Never: Neutrophils

Let: lympocytes

Monkeys: monocytes

Eat: eosinophils

Bananas: basophils

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23
Q

What is a nrmal leukocyte count?

A

4000-11,000 per microlitre

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24
Q

What is luekopenia?

How about leukocytosis?

A

less leukocytes than normal

more leukocytes than normal

25
Q

What is leukemia?

A

condition of cancerous white blood cells. they reproduce uncontrollably in the bone marrow

26
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

the formation of blood cells

27
Q

On average, _____ billion blood cells are made each day

A

100 billion

28
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

formation of RBCs in the bone marrow

29
Q

Why are mature RBCs smaller than immature ones?

A

Because they lose their organelles and nucleus, making them smaller

30
Q

How does erythropoietin regulate erythropoiesis?

A

When there is decreased renal blood oxygen content, the kidney will release erythropoietin which then stimulates erythrocyte production in the bone marrow

31
Q

What causes a drop in renal blood oxygen levels?

A

a low number of RBCs due to hemorrhage ot RBC desctruvtion

reduced oxygen in the environment like high altitudes or pneumonia

increased demand for oxygen like exercise

32
Q

Where are platelets made? They are a fragment of what king of cell?

A

in the bone marrow

megakaryocyte

33
Q

After entering circulation, about ____ of platelets migrate to the speel for storage and are released in response to ______

A

1/3

rupture in blood vessel

34
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

when the body seals a broken blood vessel and prevents blood loss

35
Q

What are the 3 steps in hemostasis and what happens at each?

A

Vascular spasm: platelets secrete vasoconsrtictors to prevent blood loss

platelet plug: collagen fibers are exposed and platelets become sticky and release chemicals to attract even more platelets. then the plug is formed

Coagulation: clotting factors in the blood reinforce platelet plug, thrombin joints fibrinogen proetins into a net like structure called fibrin. you need calcium for this

36
Q

Clotting factors are secreted primarily by the ___ which requires ____ to produce many of them. many clotting factors also require ____ ions

A

liver, vitamin K, calcium

37
Q

What happens in stage 1 of coagulation?

A

the production of active thrombokinase from either the instrinsic or extrinsic pathways

38
Q

What is the instrinic pathway of coagulation activated by?

What is the extrsinsic pathway activated by?

A

surface contact. these molecules are already floating around in the blood plasma

chemicals released from the damaged tissues themselves

39
Q

What occurs in stage 2 of coagulation?

A

conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by thrombokinase produced in stage 1

40
Q

What occurs in stage 3 of coagulation?

A

conversion of fibinogen to fibrin by thrombin (produced in stage 2), and production of the fibrin clot

41
Q

Fibrinogen is made in the ____, and is a part of the ____ pathway, converted into ____

A

liver

common

fibrin

42
Q

Prothrombin is made in the ____ which requires _____, is a part of the _____ pathway and is converted to _____

A

liver

vitamin K

common

thrombin

43
Q

What conditions hasten clotting?

A

rough spots in blood vessel lining

slower than normal blood flow

44
Q

What conditions oppose clotting?

A

smooth lining of blood vessel surfaces (dont allow platelets to stick)

substances in the blood that inactivate thrombin (like heparin)

45
Q

PLasminogen is converted into _____, which is responsible for_____

A

plasmin

dissolving the clot

46
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

abnormal clotting in a vessel that is not broken

47
Q

What is a thrombus?

What about an embolus?

A

a clot that attaches to the blood vessel wall

the blood clot comes off the wall and begins travelling thru the blood stream

48
Q

what is an embolism?

A

a blockage of blood flow from an embolus lodges in a vessel

49
Q

What is infarction?

A

cell dealth due to embolism blocking blood blow

50
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

having not enough platelets which causes spontaneous bleeding from small vessels all over the body

51
Q

Why does impaired liver function lead to a bleeding disorder?

A

because the liver makes cofactors for clotting

52
Q

the aPTT test helps identify if the ____ pathway is working and the PT test helps identify if the ____pathway is working

A

instrinsic

extrinsic

53
Q

explain how the PT test works

A

patient blood plasma is added to a source of tissue factor, which converts prothrombin to thrombin. The time it takes to clot is known as the prothrombin time. If this time is prolonged, we know there is an issue with once of the factors involved in the extrinsic pathway ( VII, X, V, prothrombin, or fibrinogen)

54
Q

explain the aPTT test

A

you add substances that activate the instrinic pathway, and then time until a clot forms is measured. if the time is prolonged, we know one of the cofactors in the instrinsic pathay is not functioning (XII, XI, VIII, IX)

55
Q

If the PT clot time was prolonged and the aPTT time was normal, what pathway is affected?

A

extrinsic

56
Q

If the PT time is normal and the aPPT time is prolonged, what pathway is affected?

A

intrinsic?

57
Q

review this

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy3a__OOa2M

58
Q
A

VETM 321 (13 decks)

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