Resp 1 and 2 Flashcards
respiration is defined as
movement of oxygen into the animal and distribution to the tissue along with the movement of carbon dioxide out of the tissues and expelled from the animal
the conducting airways are
the part of the resp system not involved in gas exchange
the conducting zone ends in the
bronchioles
ventilation is
exchanges gas that is in the airways and alveoli with atmospheric air, replenishes the alveoli with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
tidal volume is
the volume of air brought in after one normal breath
what is dead space volume
the part of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange
alveolar ventilation volume is
volume of gas that actually participates in gas exchange over a period of time
respiratory rate is
the breaths per minute
hyperventilation means that the alveolar revtilation is
higer than the needs of the patient, so more CO2 is being removed than is produced, so the CO2 is lower than normal, causing alkalosis (higher pH)
hypoventilation means that the alveolar ventilation is
lower than it should be based on the needs of the patient, so less CO2 is being removed than is being produced, CO2 will be higher than normal, respiratory acidosis
what does panting do for the animal?
it increases dead space ventilation to help regulate its temperature. the respiratory frequency increases but the tidal volume decreases so that alveolar ventilation remains constant. no change in CO2 or pH levels
what is intrapulmonary pressure?
the pressure in the airways and the alveoli in the lungs, and it will equal atmospheric pressure when airways are open to the environment
what is the intrapleural pressure?
the presure in the intraplueral sace around the lungs. the intrapleural pressure is always less than intrapulmonary pressure under normal conditions
during inspiration, pressure in the alveoli becomes , and air flows
negative
in
during expiration, thoracic volume ____, pressure in the alveoli becomes _____, air flows ____
decreases
positive
out
what is abdominal breathing
normal, quiet respiration. there are visible movements of abdomen caused by visceral compression when the diaphragm contracts, and during expiration the abdomen recoils
what is costal breathing?
pronounced rib movements, used when breathing becomes difficult of when abdomen is painful, the internal intercostal muscles are engaged
what is residual volume?
the amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration, you can’t breathe it out
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air that you can inspire beyond what you breathe in during a normal breath
what expiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air you cn expire beynd what you breathe out during a normal breath
what is vital capacity?
the max amount of air that can be breathed in after the ma amount has been breathed out
what is the total lung capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
what is functional residual capacity?
the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume
what is compliance?
a measure of the distensibility of the lung and it is determined by measuring the change in lung volume as a result of change in pressure
in mid-range of pressure (during the middle of inspiration) compliance is
high
alveolar surface tension follows laplaces, law, which is P=2T/r, what are the variables?
P is the pressure in the alveolus
T is the tension on its inner surface
r s the internal radius
when the raidus of an alveolus is small, you need _____ to overcome surface tension in order to expand the alveolus
more pressure
at a given surface tension, small alveoli would have ____ internal pressures. as a result, they would always empty _____, which is why we need ___
higher
into the larger alveoli, which is not a good thing
surfactant
at the end of expiration, the alveolus is ____. surfactant becomes more _____ , reducing _____. this counteracts the small radius
small
concentrated
surface tension
at the end of inspiration, the alveolus are_____. surfactant _____, and surface tension _____
large
spreads out
increases
Poiseuille’s Law: resistance=8nl/pi r^4
is the length of a tube is doubled, resistance will___ and you need ____ the force to maintain constant flow.
if radius is halved, force must increase by _____ to maintain constant flow
double
double
16 times
airway ____ has the greatest effect on resistance to air flow
diameter
why does the airway resistance go down if the radius of the airways gets progressively smaller?
although the diamater of each individual tube is getting smaller, there are more of them, so the total diameter increases. there is more surface area deeper in the airways
what is partial pressure?
the pressure exerted by a specific gas when it is in a mix of gases, so it’s portion of the total pressure
the partial pressure of a gas is found by____
multiplying its fractional concentration percent by the total gas pressure
if oxygen makes up 21% of the airwe breathe, and total atmheric pressure is 760, then you multiple the two and get 160mmHg
Pa refers to the
ARTERIAL pressure of a gas reflecting the amount that is dissolved in the plasma
Pv refers to
the venous pressure of a gas reflecting amount dissolved in the plasma
PA refers to
the ALVEOLAR pressure of a gas in the air of a lung
diffusion across a membrane follows ficks law, which is
Vgas=A x D x (P1-P2) / T
what do each of these variables represent?
A=the surface area of the membrane
D= the diffusion coefficient for the gas (a constant)
P1 and P2= partial pressures on each side of the membrane
T=thickness of the membrane
what conditions favour potimal gas exchange?
surface area
diffusion coefficient
difference between 2 partial pressures
thickness of membrane
large surface area
a fast diffusion coefficient
a large difference between partial pressures
thin membrane
