Resp 1 and 2

Question 1

respiration is defined as

Answer 1

movement of oxygen into the animal and distribution to the tissue along with the movement of carbon dioxide out of the tissues and expelled from the animal

Question 2

the conducting airways are

Answer 2

the part of the resp system not involved in gas exchange

Question 3

the conducting zone ends in the

Answer 3

bronchioles

Question 4

ventilation is

Answer 4

exchanges gas that is in the airways and alveoli with atmospheric air, replenishes the alveoli with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Question 5

tidal volume is

Answer 5

the volume of air brought in after one normal breath

Question 6

what is dead space volume

Answer 6

the part of tidal volume that does not participate in gas exchange

Question 7

alveolar ventilation volume is

Answer 7

volume of gas that actually participates in gas exchange over a period of time

Question 8

respiratory rate is

Answer 8

the breaths per minute

Question 9

hyperventilation means that the alveolar revtilation is

Answer 9

higer than the needs of the patient, so more CO2 is being removed than is produced, so the CO2 is lower than normal, causing alkalosis (higher pH)

Question 10

hypoventilation means that the alveolar ventilation is

Answer 10

lower than it should be based on the needs of the patient, so less CO2 is being removed than is being produced, CO2 will be higher than normal, respiratory acidosis

Question 11

what does panting do for the animal?

Answer 11

it increases dead space ventilation to help regulate its temperature. the respiratory frequency increases but the tidal volume decreases so that alveolar ventilation remains constant. no change in CO2 or pH levels

Question 12

what is intrapulmonary pressure?

Answer 12

the pressure in the airways and the alveoli in the lungs, and it will equal atmospheric pressure when airways are open to the environment

Question 13

what is the intrapleural pressure?

Answer 13

the presure in the intraplueral sace around the lungs. the intrapleural pressure is always less than intrapulmonary pressure under normal conditions

Question 14

during inspiration, pressure in the alveoli becomes , and air flows

Answer 14

negative

in

Question 15

during expiration, thoracic volume ____, pressure in the alveoli becomes _____, air flows ____

Answer 15

decreases

positive

out

Question 16

what is abdominal breathing

Answer 16

normal, quiet respiration. there are visible movements of abdomen caused by visceral compression when the diaphragm contracts, and during expiration the abdomen recoils

Question 17

what is costal breathing?

Answer 17

pronounced rib movements, used when breathing becomes difficult of when abdomen is painful, the internal intercostal muscles are engaged

Question 18

what is residual volume?

Answer 18

the amount of air left in the lungs after a forceful expiration, you can’t breathe it out

Question 19

what is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 19

the amount of air that you can inspire beyond what you breathe in during a normal breath

Question 20

what expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 20

the amount of air you cn expire beynd what you breathe out during a normal breath

Question 21

what is vital capacity?

Answer 21

the max amount of air that can be breathed in after the ma amount has been breathed out

Question 22

what is the total lung capacity?

Answer 22

vital capacity + residual volume

Question 23

what is functional residual capacity?

Answer 23

the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

Question 24

what is compliance?

Answer 24

a measure of the distensibility of the lung and it is determined by measuring the change in lung volume as a result of change in pressure

Question 25

in mid-range of pressure (during the middle of inspiration) compliance is

Answer 25

high

Question 26

alveolar surface tension follows laplaces, law, which is P=2T/r, what are the variables?

Answer 26

P is the pressure in the alveolus T is the tension on its inner surface r s the internal radius

Question 27

when the raidus of an alveolus is small, you need _____ to overcome surface tension in order to expand the alveolus

Answer 27

more pressure

Question 28

at a given surface tension, small alveoli would have ____ internal pressures. as a result, they would always empty \_\_\_\_\_, which is why we need \_\_\_

Answer 28

higher into the larger alveoli, which is not a good thing surfactant

Question 29

at the end of expiration, the alveolus is \_\_\_\_. surfactant becomes more _____ , reducing \_\_\_\_\_. this counteracts the small radius

Answer 29

small concentrated surface tension

Question 30

at the end of inspiration, the alveolus are\_\_\_\_\_. surfactant \_\_\_\_\_, and surface tension \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 30

large spreads out increases

Question 31

Poiseuille's Law: resistance=8nl/pi r^4 is the length of a tube is doubled, resistance will\_\_\_ and you need ____ the force to maintain constant flow. if radius is halved, force must increase by _____ to maintain constant flow

Answer 31

double double 16 times

Question 32

airway ____ has the greatest effect on resistance to air flow

Answer 32

diameter

Question 33

why does the airway resistance go down if the radius of the airways gets progressively smaller?

Answer 33

although the diamater of each individual tube is getting smaller, there are more of them, so the total diameter increases. there is more surface area deeper in the airways

Question 34

what is partial pressure?

Answer 34

the pressure exerted by a specific gas when it is in a mix of gases, so it's portion of the total pressure

Question 35

the partial pressure of a gas is found by\_\_\_\_

Answer 35

multiplying its fractional concentration percent by the total gas pressure if oxygen makes up 21% of the airwe breathe, and total atmheric pressure is 760, then you multiple the two and get 160mmHg

Question 36

Pa refers to the

Answer 36

ARTERIAL pressure of a gas reflecting the amount that is dissolved in the plasma

Question 37

Pv refers to

Answer 37

the venous pressure of a gas reflecting amount dissolved in the plasma

Question 38

PA refers to

Answer 38

the ALVEOLAR pressure of a gas in the air of a lung

Question 39

diffusion across a membrane follows ficks law, which is Vgas=A x D x (P1-P2) / T what do each of these variables represent?

Answer 39

A=the surface area of the membrane D= the diffusion coefficient for the gas (a constant) P1 and P2= partial pressures on each side of the membrane T=thickness of the membrane

Question 40

what conditions favour potimal gas exchange? surface area diffusion coefficient difference between 2 partial pressures thickness of membrane

Answer 40

large surface area a fast diffusion coefficient a large difference between partial pressures thin membrane