Thermoregulation

Question 1

heat storage equation

Answer 1

how much heat build up on the body
S = M + (W) +/- CV +/- Cd +/- R - E

Question 2

metabolic heat (M)
kcal and glucose

Answer 2

heat produced at rest
kcal is the amount of heat requried to raise 1kg of water to one degrees celscius
metabolize glucose through glycoloysis

Question 3

work (W)

Answer 3

need to make ATP, more heat generated during exercise and contraction

Question 4

convective heat

Answer 4

gain (+) or loss (-) of heat due to movement of air or water either next to the body or in the body

Question 5

conductive heat

Answer 5

gain (+) or loss (-) of heat via direct contact with a hotter or colder surface

Question 6

what direction does heat go?

Answer 6

heat goes from hot to cold

Question 7

radiate heat

Answer 7

primarily due to the environment and whether it is hotter or colder than your body temp

Question 8

evaporation

Answer 8

can decrease heat through sweat production because sweat contains heat that is evaporated to cool the body down

Question 9

sweat glands (2)

Answer 9

eccrine and apocrine glands

Question 10

eccrine gland

Answer 10

located all over body
sweat contains bicarbonate ions, sodium, chloride, potassium, and water
primary way body removes excess heat through exercise or the environment

Question 11

sympathetic activation cause

Answer 11

due to exercise (work), emotional or physical stress

Question 12

sympathetic activation neurotransmitter

Answer 12

acetylcholine

Question 13

sympathetic activation receptor

Answer 13

muscarinic
found on myoepithelial cells that are specialized smooth muscle cells on the coiled or secretory part

Question 14

apocrine gland

Answer 14

scalp, armpits, groin
sweat contains water, proteins, waste material from bacteria and creates an odor

Question 15

osmoreceptors when it is cold

Answer 15

hypothalamus stimulates sympathetic nervous adrenergic nerves
decrease blood flow to the skin to minimize heat loss

Question 16

osmoreceptors when it is hot

Answer 16

hypothalamus stimulates sympathetic nervous vasodilator active nerves
increase blood flow to skin to lose heat and cool down
losing a lot of water from your blood

Question 17

exercise pathway

Answer 17

running
blood has heat
convection because air blowing at you to cool body
radiation
blood with heat in water from plasma
increase blood flow to skin surface
eccrine gland pushes heat to surface of the skin
lose heat as sweat evaporates to cool blood at surface of the skin

Question 18

heat illness

Answer 18

losing too much water
heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke

Question 19

heat cramps

Answer 19

occur in exercising muscles
caused by loss of potassium

Question 20

heat exhaustion

Answer 20

muscle weakness
vomit, nauseated, headache, dizzyness
body telling you to stop exercising

Question 21

heat stroke

Answer 21

hypothalamus and osmoreceptors
body reached a certain temp where body collapses and can potentially die
lose too much water from blood, osmolarity is getting more contracted
- hypothalamus turns off sweat response because the body is trying to preserve blood volume so body temp increases and can lead to heat stroke

Question 22

inhaling

Answer 22

humidifying air and some moisture contains heat

Question 23

exhaling

Answer 23

releasing heat through air blowing out

Question 24

oropharyngeal receptors

Answer 24

located in the mouth
ventilating, where receptors stimulate thirst in the hypothalamus because they dry out
receptors can get rehydrated and then turn off thirst sensation
- don’t rely on thirst sensation, instead keep drinking water to replace what you lost