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Physhiology B > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is boyle’s law?

A

volume is inversely related to pressure
increase volume, decrease pressure
decrease volume, increase pressure

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2
Q

intra-alveolar pressure

A

pressure within the pleural sac

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3
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the weight of the air in the atmosphere on objects on Earth’s surface

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4
Q

intrapleural pressure

A

pressure within the pleural sac

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5
Q

What are the nonrespiratory functions of the nervous system?

A

reroute for water loss and heat elimination
enhances venous return
helps maintain normal acid-base balance by altering the amount of H+ generating CO2 exhaled
enables vocalization
defends against inhaled foreign matter
removed, modifies, activates or inactivates various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

resting inspiration (muscles and pressure gradient)

A

diaphragm contracts, increase volume and decrease pressure, gas moves in
intra alveolar pressure < atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

resting expiration (muscles and pressure gradient)

A

diaphragm resting, decrease volume and increase pressure, gas moves out
intra alveolar pressure > atmospheric pressure

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8
Q

ventilation

A

movement of gas into and out of lungs

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9
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gases in alveoli

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10
Q

maximal expiration (muscles and volume/pressure)

A

contract internal intercostals that lowers rib cage
decrease volume and increase pressure

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10
Q

maximal inspiration (muscles and volume/pressure)

A

contract external intercostals that lift the rib cage
increase volume and decrease pressure

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11
Q

lung compliance

A

how much effort is required to stretch of distend the lungs

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12
Q

What factors affect lung compliance?

A

elastin and surfactant

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13
Q

Surfactant definition and effects

A

surface active agent that lowers surface tension, mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by type II alveolar cells
1. increases pulmonary compliance, reducing the work of inflating the lungs
2. reduces the lungs’ tendency to recoil so that they do not collapse as readily

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14
Q

alveolar type I cell

A

exchange of gas occurs here

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15
Q

alveolar type II cell

A

secrets surfactant

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16
Q

law of la place

A

P = 2T/r

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17
Q

minute ventilation

A

the volume of air breathed in and out in 1 minute

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18
Q

minute ventilation (VE) equation

A

VE = TV x fb

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19
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs during a single breath

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20
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

takes into account dead space, how much gas is actually reaching the alveoli

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21
Q

alveolar ventilation (Va) equation

A

Va = fb x (TV - dead space)

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22
Q

dead space

A

area where there is no gas exchange (ie trachea)

23
Q

newborn respiratory distress syndrome

A

premature babies do not produce enough pulmonary surfactant to reduce the alveolar surface tension to manageable levels

24
Q

newborn respiratory distress syndrome breathing pattern

A

fast and short

25
Q

What forces are keeping the alveoli open?

A

transmural pressure gradient
pulmonary surfactant (opposes alveolar surface tension)

26
Q

What forces promote alveolar collapse?

A

elasticity of stretched elastin
fibers in lung connective tissue
alveolar surface tension

27
Q

What factors increase the work of breathing?

A
  1. when pulmonary compliance is decreased
  2. when airway resistance is increased
  3. when elastic recoil is decreased
  4. when there is a need for increased ventilation
28
Q

describe the upper zone (zone 1)

A

elevated ventilation
reduced perfusion
increase in V/Q ratio

29
Q

describe the middle zone (zone 2)

A

ventilation almost equal to perfusion
normal, optimal ratio = 0.8

30
Q

describe the lower zone (zone 3)

A

reduced ventilation
elevated perfusion
decrease in V/Q ratio

31
Q

intrapleural fluid

A

secreted by the pleura, lubricates the pleural surfaces as they slide past each other during respiratory movements

32
Q

In a relaxed state the diapgragm is…?

A

contracted

33
Q

elastin

A

the protein that allows the lungs to be elastic

34
Q

explain how gas moves

A

gas moves from areas of high pressure to low pressure

35
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen in the tissues/organs

36
Q

ischemia

A

low blood flow

37
Q

hypoxemia

A

low oxygen content in the blood

38
Q

shunt

A

lung is perfused but poorly ventilated, V/Q low for the entire lung

39
Q

pulmonary edema

A

alveolus filled with fluid

40
Q

will breathing in 100% oxygenated blood help pulmonary edema?

A

no because blood cannot be oxygenated when the alveolus is filled with blood

41
Q

V/Q mismatch

A

lungs are ventilated but perfusion is inadequate or ineffective, V/Q high ratio for entire lung

42
Q

emphysema

A

caused by smoking, less alveolar surface area

43
Q

will breathing in 100% oxygenated blood help emphysema?

A

yes because less blood was oxygenated when blood was flowing to fast past it

44
Q

what factors influence the rate of gas transfer between air and blood?

A
  1. partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2
  2. surface area of the alveolar capillary membrane
  3. thickness of the alveolar capillary membrane
  4. diffusion constant
45
Q

relaxed state

A

O2 binds to hemoglobin

46
Q

taunt state

A

O2 unbinds to hemoglobin

47
Q

what are the two ways that CO2 can be transported out of red blood cells?

A
  1. as HbCO2
  2. as HCO3- (bicarbonate and primary way)
48
Q

Bohr effect

A

O2 curve shifts to the right
increase CO2 and increase H+ increase O2 release from Hb
change in molecular structure of Hb that reduces its affinity for O2

49
Q

Haldane effect

A

Hb unloads O2 and uptakes CO2
CO2 curve shifts down
increased O2 released from Hb causes increased CO2 and H+ uptake by Hb

50
Q

medulla

A

expiratory and inspiratory center

51
Q

what structures are found in the pons?

A

pneumatic center that controls the rate and pattern of breathing, protects from lung overinflation and inhibits apneustic nerve if overinflation occurs
apneustic center controls the intensity of breathing and lower intensity during overinflation

52
Q

phrenic nerve

A

autonomic control of the diaphragm

53
Q

sympathetic activation

A

Contract more, more oxygen needed, stimulates the respiratory center

54
Q

central inputs

A

H+ can activate the respiratory center but they don’t cross the blood-brain barrier
CO2 can cross the barrier and it stimulates ventilation

55
Q

peripheral inputs

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies can deflect changes in blood

56
Q

gas exchange pathway

A

O2 from lungs goes to RBC
in RBC oxygen binds to HB (HBO4)
O4 unbinds and goes to tissues
CO2 has a high concentration gradient and CO2 from tissues goes to the RBC
in RBC CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3
HHB in RBC prevents any changes or alterations in pH
in RBC, Cl goes in and HCO3 goes out during chloride shift
CO2 goes back to the lungs in the form of HCO3

Physhiology B (7 decks)

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