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Physhiology B > Lab midterm #2 > Flashcards

Lab midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

normal axis deviation

A

lead 1, lead 2, lead 3 all positive

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2
Q

right axis deviation

A

lead 1 negative
lead 2 positive
lead 3 positive

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3
Q

left axis deviation

A

lead 1 positive
lead 2 negative
lead 3 negative

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4
Q

heart rate determination

A

HR in bpm (beats per minute) = 1500/# of tiny beads

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5
Q

PR interval

A

the time interval from the beginning of the P wave (the onset of atrial depolarization) until the beginning of the QRS complex (the onset of ventricular depolarization) through the AV junction

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6
Q

normal PR interval range

A

0.12 sec to 0.2 sec

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7
Q

prolonged

A

> 0.2 sec, indicates heart block

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8
Q

abnormally short

A

<0.12 sec, indicates less blood flow and lower cardiac output

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9
Q

SA block
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
absent p wave

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10
Q

first degree AV block
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
long PR interval

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11
Q

second degree AV block (Mobitz I)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
increasing PR intervals, until QRS is dropped or missing

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12
Q

second degree AV block (Mobitz II)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II
multiple p-waves
can be 2:1 ratio or 3:1 ratio

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13
Q

third degree AV block
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II and pattern along entire strip
no association

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14
Q

right bundle branch block “RBBB”
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead V1 and/or V2 (right side leads)
R is left ventricle and R’ is right ventricle
two peaks, R and R’ where R’ is higher

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15
Q

left bundle branch block “LBBB”
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead V5 and/or V6 (left side leads)
R is right ventricle and R’ is left ventricle
looks like a plateu

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16
Q

right atrial enlargement (RAE)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at lead II, III, and aVF (inferior leads)
tall p wave

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17
Q

left atrial enlargement (LAE)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

lead II, III, and avF (inferior leads)
lead I has a wide p wave
lead V1 has a biphasic p wave

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18
Q

right ventrical hypertrophy (RVH)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at leads V1 and V5 and V6
V1 and V2 are positive
V2 and V6 are negative

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19
Q

left ventricle hypertrophy (LVH)
(characteristic and where to look)

A

look at leads in V1 and V5 or V2 and V6
sum of S wave in V1 and R wave in V5 is greater than or equal to 35nm

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20
Q

PVC criteria

A
  • no p wave
  • wide QRS complex
  • T wave usually points in the opposite direction of the QRS wave
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21
Q

Unifocal PVC

A

PVC looks the same in a given lead
Comes from the same source

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22
Q

Multifocal

A

PVC will look different in a given lead
Comes from different sources

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23
Q

Bigeminy

A

Every other beat is a PVC

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24
Q

Trigeminy

A

Every third beat is a PVC

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25
Q

Quadrigeminy

A

Every fourth beat is a PVC

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26
Q

Ventricular tachycardia (V tachycardia)

A

3 or more PVCs in a row

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27
Q

R on T PVC

A

R wave of PVC occurs on T wave of the preceding beat

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28
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation (V Fib)

A

Rapid, irregular electrical signals cause the heart’s ventricles to quiver uselessly instead of pumping blood

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29
Q

Sudden Cardiac Arrest

A

Sudden loss of heart activity due to an irregular heart rhythm

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30
Q

Sudden Cardiac Arrest symptoms

A
  • collapse
  • no pulse
  • no breathing
  • loss of consciousness
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31
Q

Symptoms before cardiac arrest

A
  • chest discomfort
  • shortness of breath
  • weakness
  • tachycardia
  • palpitations (fluttering or pounding heart)
32
Q

Causes of sudden cardiac arrest

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • heart attack
  • cardiomyopathy
  • heat valve disease
  • congenital heart defect
  • long QT syndrome (LQTS)
  • atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation
33
Q

Electrical phase

A

0-4 mins after cardiac arrest
The heart still has a supply of oxygen and glucose. Conditions are favorable for resuscitation. The heart is prepared to respond to defibrillation.

34
Q

Circulatory phase

A

4-10 mins after cardiac arrest
Oxygen stores are exhausted; myocardial cells switch to anaerobic metabolism. CPR is needed to restore a supply of oxygen and glucose to enhance the possibility of successful defibrillation

35
Q

Metabolic phase

A

Begins 10 minutes after cardiac arrest
The heart muscle is acidic and ischemic, and begins to die. Changes of resection are unfavorable.

36
Q

Defibrillation for..

A

V tach and BV fib

37
Q

Defibrillation for..

A

V tach and BV fib

38
Q

Defibrillation not advised for…

A

Asystole: absence of electrical activity
Pulses less electrical activity

39
Q

Cardiac management

A
  • activation of emergency response
  • high quality CPR
  • defibrillation
  • advanced resuscitation
  • post cardiac arrest care
  • recovery
40
Q

Crash cart

A

A self contained, mobile unit that contains life saving supplied and equipment that can be used during a cardiac or respiratory emergency within a medical facility

41
Q

Drawer 1

A

Medications

42
Q

Drawer 2

A

Incubation materials

43
Q

Drawer 3

A

Airway suction materials used to clear obstructed airways, and maybe incubation materials

44
Q

Drawer 4

A

IV starting equipment

45
Q

Drawer 5

A

IV solutions

46
Q

Drawer 6

A

Prepackaged kits for various urgent and emergency procedures

47
Q

Drawer 6

A

Prepackaged kits for various urgent and emergency procedures

48
Q

epicardium

A

outer layer, visceral layer of the pericardium

49
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, the actual muscle that contracts

50
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer, the lining of heart chambers and vessels

51
Q

coronary artery

A

vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to the myocardium

52
Q

direction of blood flow

A

from the epicardium towards the endocardium

53
Q

coronary circulation

A

the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle

54
Q

prominent plateau phase

A

long refractory period that prevents summation and tetanus

55
Q

tetanus

A

prolonged contraction of muscle caused by rapidly repeated stimuli

56
Q

muscles cells around the endocardium are the first to __ and last to __

A

depolarize, repolarize

57
Q

muscle cells around the epicardium are the last to ___ and the first to ___

A

depolarize, repolarize

58
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

lumen creates myocardial infarction when it gets clogged to a certain degree
decrease blood flow and oxygen supply

59
Q

ischemic heart disease causes

A
  • smoking
  • hypertension
  • high blood LDL
  • diabetes
60
Q

endothelial injury hypothesis

A

When the endothelial lining of blood vessels is injured, collagen in the basement membrane comes in direct contact with blood causing platelet aggregation
platelets secrete platelet derived from growth factor (PDGF) that stimulate smooth muscle growth that narrows the blood vessel and slows blood flow, and initiation of blood clot

61
Q

non-transmural infarction

A

a myocardial infarction that does not involve the full thickness of the myocardium

62
Q

Types of ST segment depression

A

downsloping
upsloping
horizontal

63
Q

downsloping depression

A

St segment going towards peak of T wave

64
Q

upsloping depression

A

nondiagnostic for ischemia

65
Q

horizontal depression

A

indicates myocardial ischemia

66
Q

ST segment elevation

A

myocardial infarction
ST segment above baseline

67
Q

transmural myocardial infarction

A

lack of oxygen delivery (via coronary blood vessel) through the entire wall of the heart
not enough ATP for the Na+/K+ ATPase pump to re-establish the concentration gradient
cells generate action potentials of small amplitude
cells in the epicardium are more affected than cells in the endocardium

68
Q

inferior wall infarction

A

leads II, II, aVF

69
Q

anterior wall infarction

A

leads V1, V2, V3, V4

70
Q

lateral wall infarction

A

leads I, aVL, V5, V6

71
Q

anterolateral wall infarction

A

anterior and lateral leads
leads V1, V2, V3, V4
leads I, aVL, V5, V6

72
Q

risk factors of heart disease

A

family history, smoker, high LDL, ect

73
Q

sensitivity

A

the percent of individuals with heart disease that test positive for the disease

74
Q

specificity

A

the percent of individuals without heart disease that test negative for the disease

75
Q

angiography

A

can be used to confirm the existence and location of coronary artery disease
medical imaging technique where a catheter is directed to a coronary artery and a radiopaque substance is injected in order to visualize the blood vessels

76
Q

stent

A

catheder is directed into the occluded coronary artery and there is a balloon stent
stent pushes the plaque outward against the arterial wall and the artery widens, restoring blood flow
stent made of anticoagulant to prevent platete aggregation

77
Q

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

open heart surgery for people with several coronary obstructions
another blood vessel used to direct blood around obstructed area - saphenous vein or left internal mammary artery (LIMA)
blood directed to a heart by bypass machine while blood vessel is attached
higher risk or mortality, higher cost, increased recovery time

Physhiology B (11 decks)

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