sports physiology

Question 1

somatic response

Answer 1

voluntary contractions

Question 2

sympathetic response

Answer 2

speeds things up and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 3

cardiovascular affect

Answer 3

increase HR and SV and cardiac output because more blood flow is needed
vasoconstrict blood vessels
decrease PO2, increase PCO2, decrease pH
endothelial cells release nitrous oxide and blood vessels vasodilate to redirect flow from muscles to where blood is needed

Question 4

cardiovascular drift

Answer 4

HR drifted upwards because more heat is generated so sweat and metabolic heat build up to supply more blood flow to surface of the skin to get rid of metabolic heat
depends on intensity of exercise –> higher intensity drift to occur faster than lower intensity

Question 5

respiratory affect

Answer 5

easy exercise = breath deeper (more efficient)
hard exercise = breath deeper and faster
less oxygen bound to RBC and oxygen in tissues and muscle
maintain pH because decrease in bicarbonate and decrease in CO2

Question 6

training

Answer 6

endurance –> exercise for long periods of time, interval training
strength –> lift more than your muscle can handle (overload principle)

Question 7

metabolic regulation (easy exercise)

Answer 7

body prefers fat to make ATP bc it has more energy (kcals)
need O2 to burn fat
type I fibers (endurance) have higher mitochondrial and capillary density and high levels of trigylceride

Question 8

metabolic regulation (hard exercise)

Answer 8

burn more calories
anaerobic metabolism = glycolysis and no oxygen needed
type 2 fibers (speed) have higher glycogen levels, lower mitochondrial and capillary density and stronger and bigger bc they have more myofribrals

Question 9

cardiovascular adaptation

Answer 9

LV pumps blood to the rest of the body
increase left ventricular volume
increase left ventricular mass
decrease beta density
cardiac output remains the same because decrease in HR and increase in SV
increase capillary density to muscles to supply more blood
increase plasma volume so there is more water in the blood and enhances ability to thermoregulate

Question 10

muscular system

Answer 10

increase mitochondria and capillary density
oxygen needed to make ATP and ATP made
strength - how you breathe or ventilate changes such as breathing deeper for endurance

Question 11

respiratory system

Answer 11

no adaptation
maximal breathing capacity or maximal voluntary ventilation at rest if 150L/min and max exercise ventilation was 100L/min
no reason for lungs to adapt because they don’t get stressed a lot during exercise

Question 12

hypertrophy

Answer 12

Increase in size and more strength, occurs first

Question 13

hyperplasia

Answer 13

increase in number and more stength, hybrid fibers can change to type 2

Question 14

skeletal system adaptation

Answer 14

bones become stronger and increase bone mineral density

Question 15

males vs females

Answer 15

males produce more testosterone and testosterone causes hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 16

neural adaptation (normally seen in women)

Answer 16

better at recruiting muscle fibers simultaneously to lift heavier
can get stronger in the absence of bulkiness
as you get older, lose type 2 fibers and retain type 1