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Physhiology B > Cardiac System > Flashcards

Cardiac System Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A

smaller than skeletal muscle
one nucleus per cell fiber
higher mitochondrial density
fewer t tubules

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2
Q

intercalated disks

A

join adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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3
Q

gap junction

A

transmits action potentials to cells

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4
Q

functional syncytium

A

all cells work together

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5
Q

calcium induced calcium release

A

excitation induced entry of a small amount of Ca2+ through voltage gated cell membrane where Ca2+ channels trigger the opening of Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inducing a larger release of Ca2+

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6
Q

what do the right and left atriums do?

A

collect blood

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7
Q

what do the right and left ventricles do?

A

pump blood

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8
Q

process of blood flow in the heart

A

superior/inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicupsid valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
rest of body

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9
Q

why is the left side of the heat bigger?

A

it pumps blood to the rest of the body

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10
Q

atrial septal defect

A

hole in the septum
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
can cause hypoxia due to hypoxemia

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11
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

hole in he ventricular area
mixing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
can cause hypoxia due to hypoxemia

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12
Q

transportation of the great vessels

A

pulmonary artery attached to left ventricle and aorta is attached to the right ventricle or transposed

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13
Q

stenotic

A

valve doesn’t open all the way (pooling)

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14
Q

prolapse

A

valve doesn’t close all the way (regurgitating)

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15
Q

mitrovalve prolapse

A

valve doesnt close all the way and blood regurgitates back to the left atrium

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16
Q

pathway of the conduction system

A

SA node
AD node and bundle of His
send action potential to ventricles
R+L bundle branches
purkinjie fibers

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17
Q

systole

A

the period of contraction and emptying

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18
Q

diastole

A

the period of relaxation and filling during the cardiac cycle

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19
Q

isovolumic contraction period

A

same volume, increase pressure because contracting, blood can’t enter because valve closed

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20
Q

rapid ejection period

A

blood leaves ventricle rapidly because aortic valve opens and decrease ventricular volume

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21
Q

slow ejection period

A

blood exiting but at a slower rate, less step slop in ventricular volume

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22
Q

ejection fraction

A

determine is strong or weak heart, proportion of blood that is pumped out

23
Q

stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle withe ach contraction

24
Q

endistolic volume

A

volume of blood at the end of diastole, max amount of blood

25
Q

ensystolic volume

A

least amount of blood in ventricle

26
Q

cardiac output

A

HR x SV

27
Q

isovolumetric relaxation period

A

same volume, aortic valve closes, av valve open

28
Q

slow filling period

A

ventricles fill with blood

29
Q

endothelium

A

thin, inner layer of epithelial tissue that lines the entire circulatory system

30
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer, cardiac muscle and bulk of the heart wall

31
Q

epicardium

A

thin, external layer that covers the heart

32
Q

funny channel

A

opens to allow Na+ to enter (usually Na+ leaves)
goes toward threshold

33
Q

t-type channel

A

transient and allows Ca2+ to enter

34
Q

L-type channel

A

Ca2+ enters

35
Q

K+ channels

A

K+ exits because positive charges inside and like charges repel

36
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Hert

A

the heart normally pumps out during systole the volume of blood returned during diastole; increased venous return results in increased SV
EDV increases SV because stronger contraction with more optimal length

37
Q

inotropic

A

heart contracts with greater force (positive ionotropic), contracting with less force (negative inotropic)

38
Q

chronotropic

A

how fast the heart is beating
increase HR (positive) and decrease HR (negative)

39
Q

how to increase cardiac output

A
  1. optimal length tension relationship
  2. more Ca2+ leaves SR
  3. more Ca2+ affinity
40
Q

sympathetic nervous system effect

A

increases the rate of depolarization to threshold
increases the heart rate
increases contractility and strengthens contraction
promotes the secretion of epinephrine, a hormone that augments sympathetic nervous system actions

41
Q

parasympathetic nervous system effects

A

decreases the rate of deplorization to the threshold
decreases heart rate
decreases contractibility and weakens contraction

41
Q

sympathetic nervous system pathway

A

sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine binds with a beta-adrenergic receptor is coupled to a stimulatory G protein that accelerates the CAMP pathway in the target cells

42
Q

parasympathetic nervous system pathway

A

acetylcholine released from the vagus nerve binds to a muscarinic cholinergic receptor and is coupled to an inhibitory G protein that reduces activity of the CAMP pathway

43
Q

blood pressure

A

how much pressure is exerted against the wall of the blood vessels

43
Q

K+ permeability

A

hyperpolarizes SA node
resting potential starts farther away from the threshold
SA node reaches threshold and fires less frequently, decreasing the heart rate

44
Q

beta blocker

A

decreases blood pressure and lower heart rate

45
Q

diuretic drug

A

decreases blood pressure and decreases blood volume and decreases stroke volume

46
Q

Speed of cardiac excitation rules

A
  1. atrial excitation and contraction should be complete before the onset of ventricular contraction
  2. excitation of cardiac muscle fibers should be coordinated to ensure that each chamber contracts as a unit to pump efficiently
  3. the pair of atria and pair of ventricles should be functionally coordinated so that both members of the pair contract simultanously
47
Q

interatrial pathway

A

extends from SA node within right atrium to left atrium
both atria become depolarized to contract simultanously

48
Q

internodal pathway

A

extends from SA node to AV node
action potential must pass through AV node to go to ventricle

49
Q

pressure volume loop steps

A
  1. av valve opens
  2. passive ventricular filling occurs and volume increases considerably and pressure increases slightly as blood enters
  3. atrial contraction completes ventricular filling. end diastolic volume is reached at end of this phase
  4. av valve closes
  5. isovolumetric ventricular contraction occurs. volume remains constant, pressure increases remarkably
  6. aortic valve opens
  7. stroke volume of blood is ejected. as blood leaves, volume decreases considerably as pressure peaks, then falls more slowly until end-systolic volume is reached at the end of this phase
  8. aortic valve closes
  9. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation occurs. volume remains constant, pressure falls sharply
50
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

improve effectiveness by increasing HR, decreasing the delay between atrial and ventricular contraction, decreasing conduction time throughout the heart, indicating the force of contraction, and speeding up the relaxation process, so more time is available for filling

51
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

decreases heart rate as ach slows HR by increasing K+ permeability of peace maker in SA node by binding with muscularine cholinergic receptors that are coupled directly to ach regulated K+ channels by a G protein that opens K+ channels

Physhiology B (6 decks)

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