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Physhiology B > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose

A

Needed for RBCs to make ATP bc no mitochondria
Essential for CNS to brain

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2
Q

Kidney functions

A
  • make urine
  • regulate pH
  • gluconeogenesis
  • produce an enzyme
  • release a hormone, but not an endocrine gland
  • maintaining the proper osmolarity through regulating H2O balance
  • regulating the quantity and contraction of ions
  • maintaining proper plasma volume
  • helping maintain the proper acid-base balance
  • excreting the end products of bodily metabolism
  • excreting any foreign compounds
  • producing renin
  • producing erythopoietin
  • converting vitamin D into its active form
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3
Q

juxamedullary nephron

A

long-looped nephron important in establishing the medullary vertical osmotic gradient

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4
Q

cortical nephron

A

most abundant type

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5
Q

type nephrons

A

Functional unit of the kidneys
Juxamedullary (20%) and cortical (80%)

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6
Q

functional unit

A

the smallest unit within an organ capable of performing all the organ’s functions

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7
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Carries blood going into the glomerulus, receives signal from granular cells

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8
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Carries blood coming out of the glomerulus

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9
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Collects the glomerular filtrate
expanded, double-walled “cup” that surrounds the glomerulus to collect fluid-filtered from glomerular capillaries

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10
Q

constriction

A

decreases blood flow into glomerulus

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11
Q

Glomerulus

A

A tufts of capillaries that filters a protein into the tubular compound

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12
Q

vasodilation

A

allows more blood to enter

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13
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

The actual rate of filtration, depends on net filtration pressure and glomerular surface area

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14
Q

forces of glomerular filtration

A
  1. glomerular capillary blood pressure (the fluid exerted by the blood within the glomerular capillaries)
  2. plasma coiled osmotic pressure caused by the unequal distribution of plasma proteins across glomerular membrane
  3. bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure (pressure exerted by fluid in initial part of tubule)
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15
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Required to push fluid through small sites, comes from blood, opposes the filtration of fluid from the glomerulus into bowman’s capsule

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16
Q

Granular cells

A

Specialized smooth muscle cells, contain many secretory granules, cause afferent arterial to contract when GPR too high

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17
Q

Filtrate passes through 3 layers

A
  • glomerular capillary wall with endothelial cells
  • basement membrane with collagen and glycoproteins
  • inner layer of bowman’s capsule with podocytes and epithelial cells
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18
Q

podocytes

A

actin like filaments, contraction or relaxation can decrease or increase the number of filtration slits open in the inner membrane of bowman’s capsule

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19
Q

Autoregulation

A
  • prevents changes in GFR
  • abrupt transient changes in blood pressure
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20
Q

What would happen if there was no autoregulation?

A
  • GPR would increase and H2O solutes would be lost needlessly as a result, of the rise in arterial pressure accompanying heavy exercise
  • GPR too low, kidneys wouldn’t eliminate enough wastes, excess electrolytes, and other materials that should be exerted
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21
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decreases blood flow into glomerulus

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22
Q

Vasodilation

A

Allows more blood to enter

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23
Q

Myogenic response

A

Respiratory that increases strength muscle leading to increase DP and increase GFR and increase in hydrostatic pressure

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24
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Responsible for myogenic response by vasodilating or constricting due to bp changes to respond to GFR changes

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25
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Produces substances involved in the control of kidney function
Detect the amount of sodium chloride floating past it

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26
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback

A

Produces substances involved in the control of kidney function
Detects the amount of sodium chloride floating past it

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27
Q

Proximal tubule

A

Uncontrolled reabsorption of solutes and secretion of selected substances occur over time, removes glucose and amino acids
lies in the cortex and is highly coiled or convulated

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28
Q

Macula densa

A

Specialized tubular cells that detect changes in the salt level of fluid floating past them

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29
Q

Transcellular

A

Reabsorbing something across the cell membrane

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30
Q

Paracellular

A

Reabsorbed between cells

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31
Q

Primary active transport

A

Using ATP to move something

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32
Q

Secondary active transport

A

requires energy and requires transport

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33
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

selective movement of substances from inside the tubule into the blood

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34
Q

tubular secretion

A

selective movement of nonfiltered substances from the pertubuler capillaries into the tubuler lumen

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35
Q

urine secretion

A

the elimination of substances from the body in the urine

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36
Q

what part of the nephron is in the loop of henle?

A
  • thick descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
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37
Q

What type of reabsorption is glucose and amino acids?

A

Transcellular

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38
Q

What type of of reabsorption is Ca2+, Cl- and H2O?

A

Paracellular

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39
Q

Pathway of filtrate in bowman’s capsule

A

filtrate goes through the endothelial cells then basal membrane and epithelial cells and podocytes

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40
Q

Pathway of filtrate with tubes

A

bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
thick descending limb
thin descending limb
thin ascending limb
thick ascending limb
distal tubule
collecting duct

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41
Q

thin ascending limb

A

removed H2O and increase solute concentration
carries fluid back to cortex

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42
Q

What type of reabsorption is H2O?

A

transcellular

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43
Q

What type of reabsorption is the NKCC cotransport

A

transcellular

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44
Q

What type of reabsorption is Ca2+, H+, Na+ in the thick ascending limb?

A

paracellular

45
Q

aquapropins

A

the pores in the epithelial cells that transport water out

46
Q

thick ascending limb

A

removes solutes and decrease solute concentration

47
Q

how does filtrate move through the nephron (pathway)?

A
  • bowman’s capsule
  • proximal tubule
  • thick descending limb
  • thin descending limb
  • thick ascending limb
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
48
Q

distal tubule

A

macula densa cells located here and should be a low concentration of solute and a low GFR
located in the cortex

49
Q

NKCC

A

secondary active transport
transcellular
Na+, K+, and Cl- reabsorption

50
Q

passive reabsorption

A

no energy spent for the substances net movement (all steps in the transepithelial transport of a substance from the tubular lumen to the plasma)

51
Q

active reabsorption

A

takes place if any step in the transepithelial transport of a substance requires energy

52
Q

sodium-potassium

A

sodium goes out of the cell
potassium goes into the cell

53
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

blood and filtrate go in different directions
always have a concentration gradient to maximize solute

54
Q

co-current exchange

A

blood and filtrate in same direction
reach equilibrium and no concentration gradient

55
Q

factors that affect exchange rate

A
  1. diameter
  2. flow rate - slower flow rate, more exchange of solute
  3. length - longer means greater ability for solute exchange
56
Q

vasa recta

A

blood in the nephron

57
Q

Micturition

A

Act of urinating
Two stages: filling and voiding

58
Q

micturition reflex

A

initiated when stretch receptors within the bladder wall are stimulated

59
Q

Blood pressure too high

A

Decrease bp
Vasoconstrict afferent arteriole to increase glomerular filtration rate
Atrial natriuretic peptide factor/hormone

60
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide factor

A

Released by atrial and impacts sodium
- want to lower sodium
- inhibits NKCC cotransport which decreases SV and decreases BP

61
Q

Hypertension

A

High bp
Body regulates bp if too high but most causes are isidiopathic and body allows high bp

62
Q

Henderson hasserbach equation

A

PH = pka + log(HCO3)/(CO2)

63
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Increase CO2
Decrease pH

64
Q

Respiratory acidosis solution

A

Increase pH by increasing HCO3
Kidneys reabsorb more HCO2

65
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Decrease HCO3
Decrease pH
High rates of metabolism

66
Q

Metabolic acidosis solution

A

Decrease CO2 or ventilating more
Type II fibers rely on glycolysis to make ATP and produce lactic acid

67
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Decrease CO2
Decrease pH

68
Q

Respiratory alkalosis solution

A

Decrease HCO3 and decrease pH
Reabsorb less bicarbonate ions
Antiport mechanism not activated
Inhibits glutamine getting disposed into HCO3 and H2O

69
Q

Blood pressure drugs

A

Lower bp by lowering SV and reabsorbing less Na+
Reabsorb less H2O b/c it gets peed out

70
Q

Diuretic

A

therapeutic agent that cause diuresis or increased urinary output and promotes fluid loss from the body

71
Q

Loop diuretic

A

Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium in thick ascending limb in loop of henle
Coupled with potassium supplement to prevent heart failure due to loss of K+
Inhibits reabsorption of 2Cl and K+ bc no Na+ as the energy source

72
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Located in carotid arteries in the aorta, monitor amount of pressure exerted on blood vessels

73
Q

Low blood pressure

A

Increase bp by retaining more H2O, increasing SV
Cardiovascular: increase HR and SV
Hypothalamus: increase thirst and SV
Kidneys: decrease H2O loss and increase H2O retention

74
Q

Renin-angiotensin system

A
  • liver releases angiotensinogen (inactive)
  • kidneys stimulate granular cells to release renin
  • renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  • endothelial cells have enzyme ACE that coverts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  • angiotensin II stimulates posterior pituitary to release ADH and stimulate adrenal gland to release aldosterone
  • ADH and aldosterone work together to impact the kidneys in the distal tubule and collecting duct
  • aldosterone is a steroid hormone that can gain access to the nucleus to create more protein structures (sodium channels and sodium potassium ATPase pumps) to pump more sodium out that creates a concentration gradient
  • ADH causes more aquaporpins inside the cell to move to the tubular lumen side so H2O can follow the solute to reabsorb more H2O and retain more H2O
75
Q

angiotensinogen

A

a plasma protein synthesized by the liver and always present in the plasma at high concentration

76
Q

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

located in the small pits in the luminal surface of the pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, main stimulus for secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

77
Q

ACE inhibitor drug

A

block action of ACE

78
Q

aldosterone receptor blockers (ARBS)

A

block the binding of aldosterone with its renal receptor

79
Q

Afferent articles in controlling bp

A

Control glomerular filtration and vasoconstriction afferent arteriole to put less H2O in kidneys

80
Q

Vasopressin/ADH

A
  • stored in posterior pituitary
  • made in hypothalamus
  • increase ADH to retain more H2O
  • decrease ADH to lose more H2O
  • always being produced and released
  • alc and caffeine can decrease ADH secretion by posterior pituitary
80
Q

intercalated disk

A

acid base balance

81
Q

principle cells

A

site of the action of aldosterone and vasopressin, H2O conserving hormone

82
Q

aldosterone

A

increases Na+ reabsorption by the principle cells of distal and collecting tubes

83
Q

unitary smooth muscle groups

A

vascular
gastrointestinal
urinary
respiratory
reproductive (pregnant)

84
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle groups

A

ocular eye
skin
reproductive (not pregnant)

85
Q

smooth muscle contraction steps

A
  1. L - type voltage gated channel
  2. Ca2+ binds to calmodulin (calcium modulating protein)
  3. myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
    - requires Ca2+ to activate and requires ATP for phosphorylation
    - allows myosin to bind to actin by phosphorylating myosin head
86
Q

caldesmon and calpoinin

A

on thin filament (actin)
keep smooth muscle in a particularly contracted state
vasodilation and vasoconstriction for complex relaxation/contraction

87
Q

smooth muscle relaxation

A

stimulated by a neurotransmitter or peripherin
nitrocoxide stimulates GTP which stimulates cGAMP to inhibit the influx of calcium and increase potassium permeability
cGAMP stimulates myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) which takes off the phosphate

88
Q

cardiac and smooth muscle similarities

A

calcium and ATP needed

89
Q

cardiac and smooth muscle differences

A

calcium induced calcium release

90
Q

skeletal and smooth muscle similarities

A

calcium and ATP needed

91
Q

skeletal and smooth muscle differences

A
  • calcium binds to calmodulin to activate MLCK to phsophorylate myosin head (smooth)
  • if same number of cross bridges in both, smooth will elicit a stronger contraction because skeletal muscle is straited
  • smooth will consume more ATP because myosin head is phosphorylated with ATP
92
Q

smooth and cardiac muscle similarities

A
  • need calcium to come into the cell
  • smooth muscle unitary and cardiac muscle with gap junctions and are electrically connected
93
Q

smooth and cardiac muscle differences

A
  • calcium to release calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • calcium binds to calmodulin
  • smooth muscle not electrically connected
94
Q

unitary

A

electrically connected and respond as a single unit to contract
walls of hollow organs or viscera
linked by gap junctions to create a functional syncytium
self- excitable - peace maker potential and slow wave potentials

95
Q

multi-unit

A

independently stimulated
neurogenic (nerve produced) - contraction initiated in response to stimulation by nerves supplying the muscle
phasic and only contracts when neurolly stimulated

96
Q

3 types of smooth muscle filaments

A
  1. thick myosin filaments that are longer than those in skeletal muscle
  2. thin actin filaments that contain tropomyosin but lack troponin
  3. filaments of intermediate size, which do not directly participate in contraction but are part of the cytoskeleton framework that supports cell shape
97
Q

phasic smooth muscle

A

contracts in bursts, triggered by action potentials that lead to increased cystolic Ca2+, walls of hollow organs that push contents through system

98
Q

tonic smooth muscle

A

partially contracted at all times, smooth muscle tone, low ventilating potential

99
Q

factors influencing smooth muscle activity

A

mechanical stretch
certain hormones
local metabolites
specific drugs

100
Q

smooth muscle length tension relationship

A
  • develop tension when stretched
  • inherently relaxing when streched
101
Q

latch phenomenon

A

smooth muscle can maintain tension with less ATP consumption because each cross bridge cycle uses up one molecule of ATP

102
Q

detrouser muscle

A

contracts when bladder fills and receives signal from stretch receptors

103
Q

internal sphincter

A

smooth muscle, involuntary muscle
when bladder is relaxed, internal sphincter region closes to the bladder outlet

104
Q

external sphincter

A

voluntary control, skeletal muscle
inhibit PMC or sensation of wanting to pee, controlled by pre-frontal cortex

105
Q

reflex control of bladder

A

bladder fills
stretch receptors
parasympathetic nerve
bladder
bladder contracts
internal sphincter mechanically opens when bladder contracts
urination

106
Q

voluntary control of bladder with urination

A

cerebral cortex
motor neuron to external sphincter
external sphincter opens when motor neuron is inhibited
urination

107
Q

voluntary control of bladder without urination

A

cerebral cortex
motor neuron to external sphincter
external sphincter remains closed when motor neuron is stimulated

Physhiology B (7 decks)

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