Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

function of the skeletal system

A

storage of calcium, lever system, protection for vital organs

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2
Q

red marrow

A

hematopoietic stem cells (immature cells) that make RBCs, WBCs, and osteoclasts

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3
Q

yellow marrow

A

mesenchymal stem cells that make osteoblasts, osteocytes and adipocytes

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4
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that can help degrade bone and release calcium from bones, multinucleated

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5
Q

osteoblast

A

help build bone, deposit calcium in bone to make it stronger, single nucleated

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6
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

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7
Q

adipocytes

A

fat cells (yellow and in yellow marrow)

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8
Q

modeling

A

chondrocytes –> cartilage –> osteoblasts –> osteoid + hydroxyapatite

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9
Q

chondrocytes

A

lay down more cartilage
die and leave cartilage

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10
Q

osteoblasts

A

form the osteoid that binds to cartilage

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11
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates chondrocytes to produce cartilage and osteoblasts
occurs until epiphysial closure occurs –> influenced by genetics
hypothalamus –> pituitary gland –> GHRH

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12
Q

lacunae

A

areas in canaliculi where osteocytes are housed

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13
Q

canaliculi

A

canal, allows cells to have access to blood, connect the central canal to cells, connection between cells

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14
Q

lamellae

A

spaces where cells will reside, concentric layers

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15
Q

haversian canal (central canal)

A

where there is blood supply and helps keep the osteocyte cells alive

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16
Q

remodeling

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts always working

17
Q

degrade bone

A

osteoclast activity > osteoblast activity

18
Q

build bone

A

osteocalst activity < osteoblast activity

19
Q

sclerostin (anti-anabolic effect)

A

secreted by osteocytes
inhibit osteoblast activity
breakdown bone

20
Q

osteoporosis characteristics

A

bone shatters when osteoporosis bone is broken and need to replace bone
factors: pickup plate, step of a curb, get out of the shower
1:4 men to women

21
Q

osteoporosis risk factors

A

genetics, race (asians more likely), smoking (can limit hunger)

22
Q

osteoporosis in women vs men

A

women
- bone loss at age 45
- 3% decline/decade
- menopause at 55-60 years old that causes a 9% decline, osteoblast activity < osteoclast, decrease in estrogen levels

men
- bone loss at age 55
- 3% decline/decade

23
Q

estrogen

A

can help lower secretion of sclerostin so no estrogen means secretion of sclerostin and osteoblast activity inhibited, increasing rate of bone loss

24
Q

mechanosensors

A

Stimulate osteoblast activity
depositing in more bone to prevent hepisopetate
d = m/v and increase in exercise and decrease in density
deoxygenation

25
Q

osteoporosis affect of diet

A

not enough calcium centers, body takes it from the bone
drink milk

26
Q

osteoporosis preventions

A

resistance training
increase skeletal muscle tension, increase bone strength
40-60% strength before one breaks

27
Q

calcium homeostasis (too high)

A

calcitonin decreases vitamin D levels, thyroid increases
kidneys decrease calcium reabsorption
bones increase osteoblast activity
small intestine decreases calcium absorption

28
Q

calcium homeostasis (too low)

A

parathyroid hormone, low calcium levels, increased vitamin D
kidneys increase calcium reabsorption in proximal tubules
bones increase osteoclast activity
small intestine increases calcium absorption

29
Q

RBC formation (erythropoiesis)

A

RBCs shelf life is 120 days and can’t replicated because no nucleus
hematopoetic stem cells –> erythroblasts (lose nucleus) –> reticulates –> erythocytes

30
Q

epo (erythropoietin)

A

released by kidneys
stimulates erythropoiesis formation

31
Q

hematopoietic

A

stem cells in the bone that make RBCs stem cells

32
Q

RBC death (eryptosis)

A

changes conformation of cell membrane

33
Q

apoptosis

A

a form of programmed cell death usually occurs in the nucleus

34
Q

macrophage

A

degrade RBCs and located in the spleen and liver

35
Q

heme

A

bilirubin
converted in bile
urobilin –> yellow color
filters by urination

36
Q

globin

A

alpha and beta chains
broken down and sent back to bone to reform hb in eryptosis

37
Q

iron (Fe+)

A

converted into transferrin –> to transport iron
iron goes to bone to reform hb
liver can store iron as feritin