Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physhiology B > Lab Midterm #3 > Flashcards

Lab Midterm #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Echo characteristics

A
  • measures heart movement
  • evaluates heart pumping and mechanical function
  • uses ultrasound
  • Doppler is used for blood flow across heart
  • echo is performed by a cardiac sonographer
  • 40-60 mins, no exposure to radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

EKG definition

A

Test that determines the electrical system of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Echo definition

A

Test that determines the mechanical system of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

EKG result

A

Produces a wave like diagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Echo result

A

Produces a picture of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

EKG test procedure

A

Attach electrodes to the patient’s chest and several other places, EKG results will come to a machine via wires attached to electrodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Echo test procedure

A

Apply a cool gel on the patient’s chest and wave a transducer that releases sound waves that will echo back and produce a picture of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transthoracic echo (tte) characteristics

A
  • most common, non invasive or minimally invasive, injection (40-60 mins)
  • used to
    Check health of heart valves
    How well heart is pumping blood
    Measure blood pressure
    Measure size and shape of heart chambers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transthoracic echo (tte) diagosis

A
  • aortic aneurysm
  • aortic dissection
  • blood clots
  • ECK results
  • congenital heart conditions
  • heart failure
  • heart valve disease
  • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • cardiac tumors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transesophageal echo (tee) characteristics

A
  • invasive bc provider slides an endoscope down patient’s esophagus
  • takes images of the heart within the body (90 min)
  • used to
    Follow up TTE
    Check for blood clots before procedures
    Confirm successful surgeries
    Used for real time imaging procedures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transesopahegal eco (tee) diagnosis

A
  • aortic aneurysm
  • blood clots
  • cardiac tumors
  • congenital heart disease
  • heart valve disease
  • infective endocarditis
  • pericardial disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Exercise stress echocardiogram characteristics

A
  • increase HR and increase workload
  • stress via exercise
  • assess heart function when beating fast
  • treadmill or stationary bike
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Exercise stress echo diagnosis

A
  • coronary artery disease
  • cardiomyopathy
  • congenital heart disease
  • heart failure
  • heart valve disease
  • pulmonary hypertension
  • aortic dissection
  • endocarditis, myocarditis and pericarditis
  • persistent chest pain
  • recent heart attack
  • severe aortic stenosis
  • uncontrolled arrhythmia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2D ultrasound

A

Most common, images appear as slices on screen
Can be stacked to make 3D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3D ultrasound

A

Shows how well the heart pumps blood
Technique allows for heart to be seen at different angles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Doppler

A

How fast blood flows and in what direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Color Doppler

A

Blood flow with colors representing different directions of flow
Towards transducer = red
Away from transducer = blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Strain image

A

Shows changes in how heart muscles move
Can catch early signs of heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Contrast imaging

A

Substance called contrast agent injected into the vein
Visible in the images, allowing to see details of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transducers

A
  • Device that produces sound waves that bound off body tissue making echos
  • transducer received the echo and sends them to a computer which turns them into a sonogram
  • phased away transducer used to perform echo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Linear transducer characteristics

A
  • frequency range: 5-10 MHz
  • imaging depth: 9cm
  • footprint: straight and wide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Linear transducer applications

A
  • arterials/veins
  • procedures
  • pleura
  • skin/soft tissues
  • musculoskeletal
  • testicles/hernia
  • eyes
  • breasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Curve liner transducer characteristics

A
  • frequency range: 2-5 MHz
  • imaging depth: 30cm
  • footprint: outwards and wide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Curve linear transducer applications

A
  • gallbladder
  • liver
  • kidneys
  • bladder
  • abdominal aorta
  • uterus/ovaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Phased array transducer characteristics

A
  • frequency: 1-5 MHz
  • imaging depth: 35 cm
  • footprint: small range but curve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phased array transducer applications

A
  • heart
  • inferior vena cava
  • lungs
  • pleura
  • abdomen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Sattigal plane

A

Transducer placed over chest and transducer is pointing up towards head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Transverse plane

A

Transducer placed subcostally (below rib cage) and indicator pointing towards right side of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Coronal plane

A

Transducer placed along mid auxiliary line and indicator pointing toward axillary region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Long axis and short axis

A

Used when structures don’t lie in the planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Parasternal long axis view (PLAX)
Where is the transducer and indicator placed?

A
  • long axis of left ventricle
  • transducer placed to the left of the sternum in the 3rd, 4th or 5th intercostal space with indicator towards right clavicle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Parasternal long axis view (PLAX)
What does it show?

A

Images of the right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, mitral valve, aortic valve, aortic root, aortic outflow tract and surrounding pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Parasternal short axis (PSAX)
Where is the transducer and indicator placed?

A

transducer in intercostal space in PLAX but rotated 90 degrees to be perpendicular to long axis of LV and tilted to the apex of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Parasternal short axis (PSAX)
What does it show?

A

Examines shape and size of ventricles
- LV bigger than RV
- LV round and RV crescent shaped like a backwards D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Apical 4 chamber view (4C)
Where is the transducer and indicator placed?

A

-transducer placed at the point of max, impulse if patient has a palpable apical beat or placed at 5th intercostal space near anterior axillary line
- beam pointed put o head and marker at 3 o clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Apical 4 chamber view (4C)
What does it show?

A

Identification of pericardial effusion, cardiac tamale, and RV dilation in pulmonary embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Subscostal 4 chamber view
Where is the transducer and indicator placed?

A
  • patient is supine and knees slightly bent to reduce abdominal wall tension
  • transducer below and to the right of xiphisternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Subcostal 4 chamber view
What does it show?

A
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or people with mechanical ventilation
  • shows inferior vena cava on a long axis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Buildup of fluid between the lungs and pleural membranes due to inflammation or congestive heart failure (CHF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

The buildup of fluid between the heart and the pericardial membrane due to pericarditis (inflammation of pericardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What view can be used to identity pleural effusion?

A

PLAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What view can be used to identify pericardial effusion?

A

sub4view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cardiac/pericardial tamponade

A

Blood pressure drops and can be fatal bc pericardial efficiency puts pressure on the heart and prevents it from filling properly (diastolic collapse of ventricle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Ejection fraction equation

A

EF = (SV/EDV) x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Normal EF percentage

A

> 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Moderately depressed EF percentage

A

30-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Severely depressed EF percentage

A

< 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

A
  • Heart cannot pump (systolic) or fill (diastolic) adequately
  • decreased EF can be caused by aortic regurgitation and mitral valve stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Patient foramen ovale (PFO)

A

Hole in the interatrial septum that should close after birth but remains open in some people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • Depression of plaque in initial later of arterioles
  • risk factors: hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking
  • detected in carotid artery scan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)

A

Aortic valve contains only two cups instead of three
Can lead to aortic regurgitation or aortic stenosis that can lead to heart failture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Blood pressure

A
  • Force and pressure exerted on the walls of an artery
  • systolic pressure and diastolic pressure measured in mm of mercery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How to measure blood pressure

A

Listen to hearty sounds in the brachial artery
Use a stethoscope or sphygmomanometer

54
Q

Sphygomomanometer (2 typos)

A
  • Aneorid or mercury filled
  • aneroid needs to be calibrated since operation is due to a vacuum seal and seal may wear out
  • reduce cost and safety
55
Q

Stethoscope

A
  • bend in the ear tips away from you
  • sound directed to the tympanic membrane
  • bell (low frequency sounds) —> small side
  • diagram (high frequency sounds) —> large size
56
Q

Korotkoff sounds
Phase 1

A

Faint tapping sound (systolic pressure)

57
Q

Korotkoff sounds
Phase 2

A

Sound gets louder characterized by swishing sound

58
Q

Korotkoff sounds
phase 3

A

Sound is very loud and clear

59
Q

Korotkoff sounds
Phase 4

A

Sound becomes muffled and softer (diastolic pressure)

60
Q

Korotkoff sounds
Phase 5

A

Sound disappears

61
Q

By during exercise

A
  • phase 4 muffling is better estimation for diastolic pressure
  • possible for the heart sounds to never disappear
62
Q

By measurement at rest

A
  • choose right Bp cuff
  • 5 min rest prior to BP
  • sit in chair 2 feet on ground and back straight
  • place arms t level of heart or chest
  • stay still and don’t talk
  • legs not crossed
  • palpate brachial artery
  • push hard to feel the pulse
  • inflate 30-40 mmHg above anticipated systolic pressure
  • deflate cuff at rate of 3-4 mm Hg/sec
63
Q

Bp of male and female at rest

A

110 for women
120 for men

64
Q

Affects of cuff size

A

If too big, Bp recorded will be erroneously low
If too narrow, cuff can overestimate bp

65
Q

Affects of cuff tension

A

If you cannot get finger under cuff, too tight
Patient can shake off cuff it too lose

66
Q

Normal systolic and diastolic bp

A

< 120
< 80

67
Q

Elevated systolic and diastolic bp

A

120-129
< 80

68
Q

High (hypertension stage 1) systolic and diastolic bp

A

130-139
80-89

69
Q

High (hypertension stage 2) systolic and diastolic bp

A

140 or higher
90 or higher

70
Q

Hypertensive crisis systolic and diastolic bp

A

> 180
120

71
Q

Hypertension characteristics

A
  • high bp
  • associated to heart disease
  • affects 43 million people
  • kills 37K per year
  • can lead to stroke, blood vessel damage, heart attack, kidney failure
72
Q

Hypertension treatment

A
  • healthy diet/exercise
  • diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors
  • beta blockers
  • vasodilators
73
Q

Normal Bp during exercise characteristics

A
  • systolic pressure elevates with each increase in workload
  • due to stretch of LV pushing out more blood
  • diastolic pressure remains the same of may decrease workload
  • due to vasodilation of arteries
74
Q

Abnormal Bp during exercise

A
  • systolic pressure fails to elevate or declines with an increased workload due to heart disease that affect hearts ability to contract
  • diastolic pressure increases due to high bp when heart is in disasole
75
Q

How to determine respiratory rate?

A
  • observe rate by watching rise and fall of chest
  • do without patients knowledge bc when they know they will breath faster
  • factor in mental status and speech pattern
    1 in/exhale = 1 breath
76
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

12-20 breaths per min

77
Q

Concerning respiratory rate

A

< 10 or > 26 breaths per min

78
Q

How to determine respiratory quality?

A

Look at tidal volume

79
Q

Normal respiration characteristics

A
  • Chest wall in outward extension
  • No accessory muscle usage
  • exhale 2x longer than inhale
  • quite and no noise
80
Q

Shallow respiration

A

Slight chest expansion during inhalation

81
Q

Labored respiration

A
  • Working hard to breath
  • nasal flaring
  • use of other muscles
  • can lead to respiratory failture
82
Q

Noisy respiration

A

All noisy breathing is obstructive breathing but not all obstructive breathing is noisy

83
Q

How to measure HR?

A
  • generated by contraction of LV
  • dont use thumb bc it has it’s own pulse
  • count 30 sec beats x 2
  • located peripherally or centrally
  • use radial pulse in all patients 1 yr or older (carotid) if peripheral cannot be found
  • use brachial for under 1 yr
84
Q

Normal, tachycardia, bradycardia, and srious injury HR

A

Normal 60-100bpm
Tachycardia >100
Bradycardia <60
Serious injury >130 and <45

85
Q

Strong pulse

A

Bounding pulse, 3+

86
Q

Weak pulse

A

Pulse doesn’t feel full, hard to palpate, threads, 1+

87
Q

Regular pulse

A

Normal intervals, 2+

88
Q

Irregular pulse

A

Irregular intervals might indicate cardiac disease

89
Q

Skin assessment

A
  • important indicator of bodies perfusion status
  • nail beds, hands, soles of feet should be pink
90
Q

White skin color

A

Vasoconstriction, blood loss, inadequate oxygenation

91
Q

Blue/gray skin color

A

Inadequate oxygenation or perfusion, always indicated a serious problem but often observed late

92
Q

Red skin color

A

Heat exposure, perineal vasodilation, late carbon monoxide poisoning

93
Q

Yellow skin color

A

Liver diease

94
Q

Gray/blue skin color

A

Seen in blotchy patterns or partings with blood poisoning in extremes

95
Q

Temperature (normal and abnormal and tools)

A
  • normal is 98.6F or 37F
  • varies due to age, time of day and where temp taken
  • forehead scanner 0.5-1F lower than oral
  • 99.6F or temp 1-1.5F above normal is fever
96
Q

Normal skin condition

A

Dry

97
Q

Wet or moist skin

A

Shock, poisoning, heat related, cardiac or diabetic

98
Q

Extremely dry skin

A

Spinal injury or severe dehydration

99
Q

Capillary refill time procedure and for men, women, elderly

A
  • count time for nail bed to turn back pink
  • 2 sec for children and males
  • 3 sec for female adults
  • 4 sec for elderly
  • longer refill time may indicate shock
100
Q

Blood oxygen saturation (% SPO2)
Normal and hypoxia

A
  • Hemoglobin blood that is saturated with O2
  • measures other geese containing O2 connected to heme like CO
    Normal is 97-100%
    Hypoxia is <90%
101
Q

Normal adult vital signs (resp rate, hr, spo2, bp, temp, cap refill)

A

12-20 breaths/min
60-100 bpm
97-100 SpO2
<120/80 Bp
+/- 98.6F temp
2 sec cap refill

102
Q

Loss of consciousness

A
  • alert, verbal, painful, unresponsive (AVPU)
  • painful stimulation (trapezius pinch and eternal rub for cns and thumb index finger pinch for pns)
103
Q

What postures indicate serious head injury?
(And characteristics)

A

Decoraticate posturing - arch back, arms flexed in
Decelerate posturing - full body extension

104
Q

What does level of distress measure?

A
  • anxiety, sorrow, pain
  • orientation - person, place, time, situation
105
Q

What does airway, breathing, circulation (ABCs) measure?

A
  • is airway open
  • rate and quality of breathing
  • pulse rate, skin color, temp
106
Q

Physical exam of head and pupils

A
  • pupils equal, responsive to light, accommodating (dilate when focusing on close objects)
  • normal pupil looks like circles and should be constricted when focusing on close objects
107
Q

Signs of abnormal pupils - dilated, unequal, constricted, nonreactive

A

Dilated = cardiac arrest
Unequal = stroke/head trauma
Constricted = nervous system disorder
Non reactive = cardiac arrest, brain injury, drug overdose

108
Q

Neck exam

A
  • is the trachea midline
  • jugular vein distention (JUD)
109
Q

Chest examination

A
  • show good rise and fall of chest
  • abnormal lung sounds?
  • arrythmia
110
Q

Abdomen examination

A
  • soft and supple?
  • Markle test (heel drop test)
111
Q

Pelvis examination

A

Incontinence (loss of control)

112
Q

Back examination

A

Check for PTA (palpate)

113
Q

Lower extremities examination

A
  • circulatory, motor, sensory (CMS)
  • range of motion
  • pedal edema
  • check babinski reflex (sign of CNS disorder)
114
Q

Upper extremities examination

A
  • circulatory, motor, sensory (CMS)
  • range of motion
  • pronation arm drift (stroke)
  • av fistula = dialysis patient
115
Q

General considerations during examination

A
  • medical alert jewelry
  • implanted medical devices
  • transdermal medial patches
  • surgical scars
  • IV drug abuse scars
116
Q

patient history

A
  • what is bothering them
  • who called 911 and whu
117
Q

Diet

A
  • what kind of diet (normally)
  • alc (how many)/week
  • % processed food
  • smoke? How many/week
118
Q

Physical activity/exericse

A
  • what kind
  • how many days/week
  • what intensity
  • how long
119
Q

Medical history

A
  • patients med history
  • medications taking
  • allergies
  • family med history
120
Q

Pain assessment

A
  • any acute/chronic pain
  • 1-10 pain sale
  • location of pain
  • when did it start, what were they doing
  • characteristics of pain
  • does anything make the pain better or worse
121
Q

Minute ventilation

A
  • amount of air a person inhales and exhales in 1 min
  • minute ventilation = tidal volume x breaths in min
  • avg adult = 500ml x 12 min = 6000 ml/min
122
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A
  • air moved in and out of alveoli in 1 min
  • alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - dead space) x breaths per min
  • avg adult = (500ml - 150ml) x 12 = 4200ml/min
123
Q

Measuring respiration during exercise test

A
  • document number of breaths/min at baseline, following first stage, and following final stage
  • make not of quality and depth of breathing during each stage (shallow/deep, chest rising and falling)
124
Q

Measuring HR during exercise

A

Distance between 2 waves
Big boxes - 30/big boxes
Small boxes - 1500/small boxes

125
Q

Exercise test procedure

A
  • warm up (maintain stable HR of 100bpm)
  • 1 stage of exercise protocol for 2 min
  • subsequence stages every 2 minutes increasing watts
  • final stage for 2 minuets with highest intensity possible
126
Q

Bory rating of perceived exertion (RPE)

A
  • subjective method of quantitatively measuring the intensity of physical activity
  • subjects rate hope hard they feel their body is working
127
Q

Ischemic heart disease characteristics during exercise

A
  • shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, extreme exertion with light intensity, systolic pressure doesn’t increase but diastolic does
  • symptoms: chest pain, shortness of breath, abnormally high or low bp, st segment changes, abnormal heart rhythm, dizziness and fatigue
128
Q

Obstructive pulmonary disease characteristics during exercise

A
  • extreme shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough and chest tightness, normal HR sinus rhythm, extreme exertion with heavy intensity
  • symptoms: short breath, rapid breathing, dry/persistent cough, wheezing, chest tightness, rapid hr, use of accessory resp muscles, excessive sweating
129
Q

Determining work

A
  • work = force x distance
    Force in resistance (kg)
    Distance in meters and is 6 meters
130
Q

Work to power conversion

A

Watts = work/6 watts/kgm/min

131
Q

Healthy exercise vital signs at rest (resp rate, hr, bp, rpe)

A

12-20 breaths/min
60-100 bpm
Systolic 120mm Hg or less
Diastolic 80mm Hg or less
RPE = no exertion

132
Q

Healthy exercise vital signs after exercise (resp rate, hr, bp, rpe)

A

Increase rate and depth
Increase HR
Increase systolic pressure
Same or decreased diastolic pressure
RPE = light to somewhat hard based on intensity

Physhiology B (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions