Thermodynamics I and II Flashcards
freely exchanges materials and energy
example: cell interacting with its surroundings
most natural processes occur
living systems
open systems
no energy or matter exchange
energetically and materially sufficient
system will not reach thermal equilibrium with the surrounding
isolated system
energy is exchanged with the surrounding but not the matter
materially sufficient but exchanges energy
will reach thermal equilibrium with surrounding
closed system
the energy of a molecule lies within its:
covalent bonds, non covalent interactions, level of freedom in its structure, the makeup of the atomic and subatomic parts
chemical energy can be _______ and _________
transferred and absorbed
energy is also called ______
when a system undergoes a change, internal combustion, it will be in a _____ of energy
however, the path by which the system went from state 1 to state 2 will not have any effect on the net change in the system’s energy
therefore is a ______ of a system
internal
different state
state function
the amount of energy lost by the system equals the amount of energy gained by the surroundings and the amount of energy gained by the system equals the amount of energy lost by the surroundings
1st law of thermodynamics
displacement produced by exerting force against resistance
positive w means work done by the ______ on the ______
work
system, surroundings
internal energy changes that do not involve mechanical changes
is positive when heat is _______ by the system from the surroundings
heat (q)
absorbed
heat and work are ________ which by themselves are not conserved but their sum is conserved
interchangeable
the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius at sea level
calorie
enthalpy change
qp
the energy exchanged between the system and surrounding when a chemical bond is formed or broken, expressed as ________
bond energy
enthalpy change
the energy difference between a molecule and its individual un-bonded atoms
heat of formation
reactions that release energy
delta H is always ____because energy is released into the surroundings
exothermic reactions
negative
reactions that absorb energy
delta H is always ______ because energy is absorbed from the surroundings
positive
in any process, the combined capacity of the system and surroundings to do work always ________
decreases
some of the energy transferred between the system and the surroundings becomes unusable
the unusable energy is described as ________, energy that is lost to increase the ________ of the universe
energy of disorder
randomness
every energy transformation or transfer makes the universe more disordered
a state of more disorder is a state of less ________
2nd law of thermodynamics
potential energy
the quantitative measure of disorder is proportional to randomness
entropy (S)
the 2nd law states that in any chemical or physical process, the entropy of the universe always _________
increases
when going from order to disorder entropy ______
this is often a __________ and _______ process
spontaneous and irreversible
translational (movement to different locations), vibrational, rotational
intra-molecular
state of matter, temperature, non covalent interactions, molar concentration, concentration gradient
inter-molecular
when does a process that involves a reduction of energy become spontaneous?
process of water freezing to ice, condensation of water vapor, chemical reactions such as the combustion of ethanol where the products have less entropy than the reactants
Dr. Gibbs combined the terms of enthalpy and entropy to define a new state function ________
free energy (G)
reactions that proceed with a net loss of total potential energy (free energy)
delta G is ____ and reaction will be ______
energy is _____ to the environment
exergonic reactions
negative, spontaneous, released
energy requiring reactions that proceed with a net gain of total potential energy (free energy)
delta G is _______ and _______
energy is ______ from the environment
endergonic reactions
positive
non-spontaneous
absorbed
a reacting system that has a free energy change of zero is a system that has no __________ to do work in either direction
it is considered to be a system in _________
no potential energy
equilibrium
a state of chemical equilibrium is ______ in biological systems because it is a state of thermodynamic death
undesirable
the equilibrium constant is a____________ of the reacting system
no matter what the initial concentrations will be of the reactions and products, their relationship at equilibrium will always be the keq
characteristic property
