Thermodynamics I and II

Question 1

freely exchanges materials and energy
example: cell interacting with its surroundings
most natural processes occur
living systems

Answer 1

open systems

Question 2

no energy or matter exchange
energetically and materially sufficient
system will not reach thermal equilibrium with the surrounding

Answer 2

isolated system

Question 3

energy is exchanged with the surrounding but not the matter
materially sufficient but exchanges energy
will reach thermal equilibrium with surrounding

Answer 3

closed system

Question 4

the energy of a molecule lies within its:

Answer 4

covalent bonds, non covalent interactions, level of freedom in its structure, the makeup of the atomic and subatomic parts

Question 5

chemical energy can be _______ and _________

Answer 5

transferred and absorbed

Question 6

energy is also called ______
when a system undergoes a change, internal combustion, it will be in a _____ of energy
however, the path by which the system went from state 1 to state 2 will not have any effect on the net change in the system’s energy
therefore is a ______ of a system

Answer 6

internal
different state
state function

Question 7

the amount of energy lost by the system equals the amount of energy gained by the surroundings and the amount of energy gained by the system equals the amount of energy lost by the surroundings

Answer 7

1st law of thermodynamics

Question 8

displacement produced by exerting force against resistance

positive w means work done by the ______ on the ______

Answer 8

work

system, surroundings

Question 9

internal energy changes that do not involve mechanical changes
is positive when heat is _______ by the system from the surroundings

Answer 9

heat (q)

absorbed

Question 10

heat and work are ________ which by themselves are not conserved but their sum is conserved

Answer 10

interchangeable

Question 11

the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius at sea level

Answer 11

calorie

Question 12

enthalpy change

Answer 12

qp

Question 13

the energy exchanged between the system and surrounding when a chemical bond is formed or broken, expressed as ________

Answer 13

bond energy

enthalpy change

Question 14

the energy difference between a molecule and its individual un-bonded atoms

Answer 14

heat of formation

Question 15

reactions that release energy

delta H is always ____because energy is released into the surroundings

Answer 15

exothermic reactions

negative

Question 16

reactions that absorb energy

delta H is always ______ because energy is absorbed from the surroundings

Answer 16

positive

Question 17

in any process, the combined capacity of the system and surroundings to do work always ________

Answer 17

decreases

Question 18

some of the energy transferred between the system and the surroundings becomes unusable
the unusable energy is described as ________, energy that is lost to increase the ________ of the universe

Answer 18

energy of disorder

randomness

Question 19

every energy transformation or transfer makes the universe more disordered
a state of more disorder is a state of less ________

Answer 19

2nd law of thermodynamics

potential energy

Question 20

the quantitative measure of disorder is proportional to randomness

Answer 20

entropy (S)

Question 21

the 2nd law states that in any chemical or physical process, the entropy of the universe always _________

Answer 21

increases

Question 22

when going from order to disorder entropy ______

this is often a __________ and _______ process

Answer 22

spontaneous and irreversible

Question 23

translational (movement to different locations), vibrational, rotational

Answer 23

intra-molecular

Question 24

state of matter, temperature, non covalent interactions, molar concentration, concentration gradient

Answer 24

inter-molecular

Question 25

when does a process that involves a reduction of energy become spontaneous?

Answer 25

process of water freezing to ice, condensation of water vapor, chemical reactions such as the combustion of ethanol where the products have less entropy than the reactants

Question 26

Dr. Gibbs combined the terms of enthalpy and entropy to define a new state function ________

Answer 26

free energy (G)

Question 27

reactions that proceed with a net loss of total potential energy (free energy)
delta G is ____ and reaction will be ______
energy is _____ to the environment

Answer 27

exergonic reactions

negative, spontaneous, released

Question 28

energy requiring reactions that proceed with a net gain of total potential energy (free energy)
delta G is _______ and _______
energy is ______ from the environment

Answer 28

endergonic reactions
positive
non-spontaneous
absorbed

Question 29

a reacting system that has a free energy change of zero is a system that has no __________ to do work in either direction
it is considered to be a system in _________

Answer 29

no potential energy

equilibrium

Question 30

a state of chemical equilibrium is ______ in biological systems because it is a state of thermodynamic death

Answer 30

undesirable

Question 31

the equilibrium constant is a____________ of the reacting system
no matter what the initial concentrations will be of the reactions and products, their relationship at equilibrium will always be the keq

Answer 31

characteristic property