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BIO 325 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

example of monosaccharides

A

glucose

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2
Q

example of disaccharides

A

sucrose, glu, fru

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3
Q

carbohydrates
produced from ____ and _____ via photosynthesis in plants
fulfill a variety of functions:
can be covalently linked with proteins to form _______ and _______

A

CO2, H2O
energy source, storage
structural component of cell walls and exoskeleton
informational molecules in cell signaling
glycoproteins, proteoglycans

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4
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose, glycogen

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5
Q

classification of carbohydrates are by _____

A

number of carbons

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6
Q

carbohydrates are a large class of _____ and _____

A

poly hydroxy aldehydes and ketones

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7
Q

aldose contains an ______

ketose contains a a ________

A

aldehyde functionality

ketone functionality

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8
Q

glyceraldehyde and dihydroxy acetone are ______

same composition, different connectivity

A

structural isomers

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9
Q

glyceraldehyde is a _______

same connectivity, different arrangement

A

stereoisomer

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10
Q

have the same molecular formula but different structures

A

isomers

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11
Q

isomers that are not mirror images

A

diastereoisomers

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12
Q

isomers that differ at a new asymmetric carbon atom formed on ring closure

A

anomers

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13
Q

structural isomers that differ in the configuration around only one chiral center

A

epimers

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14
Q

nonsuperimposible mirror images

A

enantiomers

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15
Q

there are four different groups attached to the carbon atom and the carbon atom is sp3 hybridized
(asymmetric)

A

chiral carbon

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16
Q

______ is the smallest sugar that has a chiral carbon

the two basic configurations around the chiral carbon are named __ and __

A

glyceraldehyde

D, L

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17
Q

the D or L configuration is determined by the ________

A

asymmetric carbon most distant from the carbonyl carbon

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18
Q

what is more stable than linear forms of monosaccharides

A

ring structure

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19
Q

aldehyde and ketone carbons are ________
alcohol oxygen atom is ________
when aldehydes are attacked by alcohols, _______ form
when ketones are attacked by alcohols, _____ form

A

electrophilic
nucleophilic
hemiacetals
hemiketals

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20
Q

cyclization of monosaccharides
the former carbonyl carbon becomes a new chiral center called the __________
the former carbonyl oxygen becomes a _______
if the hydroxyl group is on the opposite side of the right as the CH2OH moiety, the configuration is ___
if the hydroxyl group is on the same side of the ring as CH2OH moiety, the configuration is __

A

anomeric carbon
a
b

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21
Q

the carbon bearing the two configurations is called the _______
the designation of a means the OH is __________
and B means ______

A

anomeric carbon
below the plane of the ring
above the plane of the ring

22
Q

six membered oxygen-containing rings are called _______

A

pyranoses

23
Q

five membered oxygen containing rings are called _______

A

furanoses

24
Q

increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium in the direction of the furnaces form ________

A

reducing the sweetness of the solution

25
Q

the standard five carbon sugar

A

ribose

26
Q

the standard six carbon sugar

A

glucose

27
Q

the ketose form of glucose

A

fructose

28
Q

in a solution, glucose interconverts between the linear form and four cyclic conformations. this process is known as _______

A

mutarotation

29
Q

______ due to linear form behave like aldehydes and react with oxidizing agents

A

glucose

30
Q

the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucono lactone and hydrogen peroxide

A

glucose oxidase

31
Q

______ oxidizes organic molecules into highly colored compounds

A

hydrogen peroxide

32
Q

alcohols and amines with glucose

A

glycosidic bonds

33
Q

when a hydroxyl group reacts with anomeric carbon

examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose

A

o-glycosidic

34
Q

when nitrogen of an amine react with anomeric carbon

A

N-glycosidic bond

35
Q

the disaccharide formed upon condensation of two glucose molecules via 1 to 4 bond is called

A

maltose

36
Q

_______ linked through O-glycosidic bonds

A

disaccharides

37
Q

enzymes responsible for linking monosaccharides are known as

A

glycosyltransferases

38
Q

neither the fructose or glucose can be converted to aldehyde or kept group

A

a non reducing sugar

39
Q

enzyme for cleavage of sucrose is called

A

sucrase

40
Q

glucose + glucose

enzyme for hydrolyzing maltose is ______

A

maltose

maltase

41
Q

galactose to glucose makes _______

enzyme for hydrolyzing lactose is _____

A

lactose

lactase

42
Q

found in hemolymph

glucose-glucose

A

trehalose

43
Q

natural carbohydrates are usually found as _______

these polysaccharides can be:

A 
polymers
homopolysaccharides
heteropolysaccharides
linear
branched
44
Q

polysaccharides do not have a _________

serve as energy reservoirs and structural components

A

defined molecular weight

45
Q

the O-glycosidic bond connects sugar monomers to form _______ and _______o

A

oligomers and polymers

46
Q

branched homopolysaccharide of glucose

functions as the __________

A

glycogen

main storage polysaccharide in animals

47
Q

mixture of two homopolysaccharides of glucose
_______ is an unbranched polymer of a1-4 linked residues
_______ branched like glycogen but the branch points with a1-6 linkers occur every 24-30 residues
main storage polysaccharide in _____

A

starch
amylose
amylopectin
plants

48
Q

glycogen and starch often form _____ in cells
______ contain enzymes that synthesize and degrade these polymers
__________ have one reducing end but many non reducing ends
enzymatic processing occurs simultaneously in many ________

A

granules
granules
glycogen and amylopectin
nonreducing ends

49
Q

most abudant organic compound
____ sugar
B-glucose allows formation of long chains
_____ form between adjacent monomers
additional H bonds between chains
structure is now tough and water insoluble

A

cellulose
unbranched
hydrogen bonds

50
Q

_____ has straight chains, suitable for structural parts

______, opitmal for storage

A

cellulose, straight chains

starch and glycogen, bent structure

51
Q

the _____ and _____ make cellulose a difficult substrate to act on
fungi, bacteria, and protozoa secrete _____, which allows them to use wood as source of glucose
most animals cannot use cellulose a fuel source because _________
________ live symbiotically with microorganisms that produces cellulase
_____ hold promise in the fermentation of biomass into biofuel

A 
fibrous structure, water-insolubility
cellulase
lack the enzyme to hydrolyze
ruminants and termites
cellulases

BIO 325 (11 decks)

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