ppt 16

Question 1

coordinated process in which many multi enzyme systems participate to:
________
-solar or by degrading energy rich nutrients
convert nutrient molecules into ______ of macromolecules
polymerize precursers to _________
synthesize ______ required for _________

Answer 1

obtain energy
precursers
macromolecules
biomolecules, specialized functions

Question 2

carbohydrates –> CO2 + H2O + useful energy

Answer 2

catabolic reactions/catabolism

Question 3

useful energy + precursor -> complex molecules

Answer 3

anabolic reactions

Question 4

however , some pathways can either be anabolic or catabolic based on the ________ of the cell
these are known as _________

Answer 4

energy requirement

amphibolic pathways

Question 5

a series of consecutive enzymatic
reactions that result in a product that is either used or
excreted by the cell

Answer 5

metabolic pathway

Question 6

standard free energy changes are ______

Answer 6

additive

Question 7

equlibrium constants are __________ for coupled reactions

Answer 7

multiplicative

Question 8

At pH 7.0, ATP carried 4 –ve charge , which repel each other and this repulsion is lost with hydrolysis

Answer 8

electrostatic repulsion

Question 9

what makes ATP so special?
it has two _________ (high energy
a large ______ is released on ____ –> ____/____
the actual deltaG depends on ______ concentration

Answer 9

phospho-anhydride bonds (high energy)
a large delta G
Mg+ concentration

Question 10

delta G for ATP hydrolysis is _____ kj/M

however, the concfentration of ATP, ADP and Pi are never 1M

Answer 10

-30.5 kJ

Question 11

the actual free energy change for ATP hydrolysis is called ___________ or delta Gp

Answer 11

phosphorylation potenttial

Question 12

make an available substrate into a useful product

Answer 12

relevance

Question 13

some reactions are too slow –> metabolic pathways make these impossible reations possible

Answer 13

rate

Question 14

most reactions in biochem are thermal __________
nucleophiles react with _______
heterolytic bond breakage often gives rise to _________ such as protons
________ often occurs via transfer or electrons and protons to a dedicated _______

Answer 14

heterolytic processes
electrophiles
transferable groups
oxidation
redox cofactor

Question 15

each atom keeps one of the bonding electrons, resulting in the formation of carbon radicals (carbons having unpaired electrons) or uncharged hydrogen atoms.
very rare

Answer 15

Homolytic cleavage (very rare)

Question 16

one of the atoms retains both bonding electrons. This can result in the formation of carbanions, carbocations (positively charged carbon atom), protons, or hydride ions.

Answer 16

Heterolytic cleavage (most common)

Question 17

very common

Answer 17

proton transfer

Question 18

various biosyntheses

Answer 18

methyl transfer

Question 19

biosynthesis of fatty accids

Answer 19

acyl transfer

Question 20

attachment of sugars

Answer 20

glycosyl transfer

Question 21

to activate metabolites

Answer 21

phosphoryl transfer