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Biological Chemistry- Samiyah > Thermodynamics > Flashcards

Thermodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

How is y is proportional to x shown on a graph

A

Circled in blue

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2
Q

How is y is inversely proportional to x shown on a graph

A

Circled in red

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3
Q

What are the 3 properties/ laws about gases

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4
Q

What is temperature used for

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5
Q

What kind of energy/motion is temperature

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6
Q

What is the statistical mechanical (microscopic view) of temperature and what is the Boltzmann constant

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7
Q

Explain a Boltzmann distribution

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8
Q

What’s the link between temp and velocity of a gas

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9
Q

Derive the ideal gas law

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10
Q

What is work

A

work” is a measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force

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11
Q

How is change in work calculated

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12
Q

How his pressure calculated

A

Force/ area

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13
Q

What is sign convention

A

. If work is done on the system, its sign is positive. If work is done by the system, its sign is negative.

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14
Q

How is a small amount of work calculated

A

Circled in red

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15
Q

Recall the ideal gas equation

A

PV=nRT

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16
Q

Draw a graph to show the ideal gas law

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17
Q

On a graph representing the ideal gas law, where would ve the amount of work done

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18
Q

How do you calculate the total amount of work done

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19
Q

What are the two types of translational motion of gases

A

Directed motion
Random motion= heat (q)

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20
Q

Describe the joule experiment

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21
Q

What was the findings of the joule experiment

A

The quantity of heat capable of increasing the temperature of a pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit requires the expenditure of a mechanical force represented by the fall of 772 pounds through the space of one foot

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22
Q

Name the 3 types of systems

A

Isolated open and closed

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23
Q

What is an isolated system

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24
Q

What is a closed system

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25
Q

What is an open system

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26
Q

What is enthalpy and how can enthalpy of a system change

A

Unit=joules

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27
Q

How do you calculate change in internal energy

A

Internal energy= U

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28
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics

A

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

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29
Q

What is heat capacity

A

Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy (usually in joules or calories) needed to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by one degree Celsius

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30
Q

What does this graph show

A

Change in Temperature is directly proportional to change in heat

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31
Q

What does the inverse of the gradient of this graph represent

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32
Q

How do you calculate change in heat energy

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33
Q

What does it mean if some thing has a higher heat capacity

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34
Q

What happens if you heat up a system

A

At constant pressure, change in heat =change in enthalpy

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35
Q

Explain this graph

A
36
Q

How is energy stored in a system

A
37
Q

What is the equation for the combustion of glucose

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38
Q

What is an exothermic reaction

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39
Q

What is an endothermic reaction

A

It Takes energy into the system from the surroundings

40
Q

Where is enthalpy stored in a system

A

In bond energy and molecular motions

41
Q

What is omega

A
42
Q

What are microstates

A

The different ways to arrange molecules In a system

43
Q

How are the number of microstates calculated

A
44
Q

How is entropy calculated

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45
Q

What does entropy measure

A
46
Q

How is entropy change for any system calculated

A
47
Q

Derive the equation for change in entropy

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48
Q

What is the equations for change in work

A
49
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted

The second law of thermodynamics says that when energy changes from one form to another form, or matter moves freely, entropy (disorder) in a closed system increases

50
Q

What is the equation for the entropy of the universe

A

Entropy of the universe can never go down

51
Q

What’s the equation for Gibbs free energy

A
52
Q

Derive the equation for Gibbs free energy from the equation for the entropy of the universe

A
53
Q

Draw the energy level diagram for the fermentation of glucose

A
54
Q

Draw the energy level for the dissolving of urea in water

A
55
Q

Describe how protein folding is enthalpically favourable but not entropically favourable

A
56
Q

Describe how ligands binding to proteins is an entropically and enthalpically favourable reaction using a diagram

A
57
Q

What is the expression for Gibbs free energy in terms of concentration

A
58
Q

What are the standard conditions

A
59
Q

Derive the equation for Gibbs free energy in terms of concentration

A
60
Q

What is intrinsic property

A
61
Q

What is the expression for chemical potential

A
62
Q

What are the two ways free energy is stores in a molecule

A

Intrinsic property
Concentration

63
Q

What is the units for Gibbs free energy

A

Kj/mol

64
Q

What does a straight line on top of a letter mean e.g

A

It means per mole or divided by moles

65
Q

What is the expression for the the change in potential energy

A
66
Q

What is the expression relating free energy and the equilibrium constant

A
67
Q

What happens at equilibrium

A
68
Q

What does it mean if free energy is a large negative number

A

Log (Keq) will be positive
This means that the ratio of products to reactants will be greater than 1

69
Q

What is the relationship between chemical potential and conc.

A

Higher conc= higher chemical potential

70
Q

How can a cell make a reaction that wouldn’t occur spontaneously , happen

A

Cells would make an unfavourable reaction occur by coupling it with a reaction that is favourable, so will occur spontaneously

71
Q

Give the expression for the equilibrium constant for the phosphorylation of a protein

A
72
Q

How is a protein phosphorylated and why is the reaction unfavourable

A

The reaction is unfavourable because the free energy value is +13kj mol-1

73
Q

What reaction is the phosphorylation of a protein coupled to. Give the half equations and overall equation for the reaction as well as the value for free energy

A
74
Q

What do cells operate at

A

They operate at steady state and they maintain their concentration

75
Q

What’s another way that cells an make an unfavourable reaction occur

A
76
Q

What does the energy of a reaction depend on

A

Depend on the concentration of reactants and products

77
Q

Using a calculation, show why cells like making ATP

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78
Q

Give the equation that links change in free energy and concentration

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79
Q

What is the value of faraday

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80
Q

Write the expression relating free energy and electrical potential

A
81
Q

How are electrons and ions moves between cells in an electrochemical cell using the example of water

A
82
Q

What does a positive electrical potential/ voltage (E) value mean

A

It means the reaction is favourable

83
Q

How can you see if a reaction is favourable, using the example of water

A
84
Q

What does a negative E value mean

A
85
Q

Write the equations for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and the reaction its coupled with, as well as the E values

A

Biological Chemistry- Samiyah (24 decks)

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