Thermodynamics Flashcards
How is y is proportional to x shown on a graph
Circled in blue
How is y is inversely proportional to x shown on a graph
Circled in red
What are the 3 properties/ laws about gases
What is temperature used for
What kind of energy/motion is temperature
What is the statistical mechanical (microscopic view) of temperature and what is the Boltzmann constant
Explain a Boltzmann distribution
What’s the link between temp and velocity of a gas
Derive the ideal gas law
What is work
work” is a measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance by an external force
How is change in work calculated
How his pressure calculated
Force/ area
What is sign convention
. If work is done on the system, its sign is positive. If work is done by the system, its sign is negative.
How is a small amount of work calculated
Circled in red
Recall the ideal gas equation
PV=nRT
Draw a graph to show the ideal gas law
On a graph representing the ideal gas law, where would ve the amount of work done
How do you calculate the total amount of work done
What are the two types of translational motion of gases
Directed motion
Random motion= heat (q)
Describe the joule experiment
What was the findings of the joule experiment
The quantity of heat capable of increasing the temperature of a pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit requires the expenditure of a mechanical force represented by the fall of 772 pounds through the space of one foot
Name the 3 types of systems
Isolated open and closed
What is an isolated system
What is a closed system
What is an open system
What is enthalpy and how can enthalpy of a system change
Unit=joules
How do you calculate change in internal energy
Internal energy= U
What is the first law of thermodynamics
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.
What is heat capacity
Heat capacity is defined as the amount of heat energy (usually in joules or calories) needed to raise the temperature of a given quantity of a substance by one degree Celsius
What does this graph show
Change in Temperature is directly proportional to change in heat
What does the inverse of the gradient of this graph represent
How do you calculate change in heat energy
What does it mean if some thing has a higher heat capacity
What happens if you heat up a system
At constant pressure, change in heat =change in enthalpy
Explain this graph
How is energy stored in a system
What is the equation for the combustion of glucose
What is an exothermic reaction
What is an endothermic reaction
It Takes energy into the system from the surroundings
Where is enthalpy stored in a system
In bond energy and molecular motions
What is omega
What are microstates
The different ways to arrange molecules In a system
How are the number of microstates calculated
How is entropy calculated
What does entropy measure
How is entropy change for any system calculated
Derive the equation for change in entropy
What is the equations for change in work
What is the second law of thermodynamics
For a spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
that as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted
The second law of thermodynamics says that when energy changes from one form to another form, or matter moves freely, entropy (disorder) in a closed system increases
What is the equation for the entropy of the universe
Entropy of the universe can never go down
What’s the equation for Gibbs free energy
Derive the equation for Gibbs free energy from the equation for the entropy of the universe
Draw the energy level diagram for the fermentation of glucose
Draw the energy level for the dissolving of urea in water
Describe how protein folding is enthalpically favourable but not entropically favourable
Describe how ligands binding to proteins is an entropically and enthalpically favourable reaction using a diagram
What is the expression for Gibbs free energy in terms of concentration
What are the standard conditions
Derive the equation for Gibbs free energy in terms of concentration
What is intrinsic property
What is the expression for chemical potential
What are the two ways free energy is stores in a molecule
Intrinsic property
Concentration
What is the units for Gibbs free energy
Kj/mol
What does a straight line on top of a letter mean e.g
It means per mole or divided by moles
What is the expression for the the change in potential energy
What is the expression relating free energy and the equilibrium constant
What happens at equilibrium
What does it mean if free energy is a large negative number
Log (Keq) will be positive
This means that the ratio of products to reactants will be greater than 1
What is the relationship between chemical potential and conc.
Higher conc= higher chemical potential
How can a cell make a reaction that wouldn’t occur spontaneously , happen
Cells would make an unfavourable reaction occur by coupling it with a reaction that is favourable, so will occur spontaneously
Give the expression for the equilibrium constant for the phosphorylation of a protein
How is a protein phosphorylated and why is the reaction unfavourable
The reaction is unfavourable because the free energy value is +13kj mol-1
What reaction is the phosphorylation of a protein coupled to. Give the half equations and overall equation for the reaction as well as the value for free energy
What do cells operate at
They operate at steady state and they maintain their concentration
What’s another way that cells an make an unfavourable reaction occur
What does the energy of a reaction depend on
Depend on the concentration of reactants and products
Using a calculation, show why cells like making ATP
Give the equation that links change in free energy and concentration
What is the value of faraday
Write the expression relating free energy and electrical potential
How are electrons and ions moves between cells in an electrochemical cell using the example of water
What does a positive electrical potential/ voltage (E) value mean
It means the reaction is favourable
How can you see if a reaction is favourable, using the example of water
What does a negative E value mean
Write the equations for the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and the reaction its coupled with, as well as the E values
