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Physiotherapy > Therapeutic Exercise > Flashcards

Therapeutic Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of exercise? 3

A
  1. Form of treatment
  2. Health Promotion
  3. Wellness
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2
Q

Therapeutic exercise is a systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, posture or physical activity intended to provide a patient/client with the means to: 4

A
  1. -Remediate or prevent impairment
  2. -Improve, restore or enhance physical function
  3. -Prevent or reduce health related risk factors
  4. -Optimize overall health status, fitness, or sense of well being
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3
Q

What is exercise? 4

A
  1. •Activity requiring physical effort, carried out to sustain or improve health and fitness.
  2. •Activity of exerting your body structures in various ways to keep fit.
  3. •Task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding.
  4. •A physical or mental activity used as a method of maintaining or improving a level of fitness.
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4
Q

What is fitness? 2

A
  1. •The condition of being physically fit and healthy.
  2. •General term that contains many components: Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, muscular power, flexibility, body composition, emotional/psychological qualities.
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5
Q

List the areas where exercise may be beneficial:

A
  1. •Pathology – diseases, disorders, condition, abnormality
  2. •Impairments of body function- physiological/anatomical (body structure & function)
  3. •Personal level – functional limitations, activity
  4. •Social level – participation
  5. •Psychological level
  6. •Prevention level
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6
Q

Define balance:

A

the ability to align body segments against gravity to maintain or move the body (Centre of mass) within the available base of support without failing. It’s the ability to move the body in equilibrium with gravity via interaction of the sensory & motor system.

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7
Q

Define cardio-pulmonary fitness

A

•The ability to perform low intensity, repetitive, total body movements over an extended period of time.

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8
Q

Define co-ordination

A

the correct timing & sequencing of muscle firing combined with the appropriate intensity of muscular contraction leading to the effective initiation, guiding, and grading or movement.

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9
Q

Define flexibility

A

•The ability to move freely, without restriction; used interchangeably with mobility.

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10
Q

Define mobility

A

-the ability of the structure or segment of the body to move or be moved in order to allow the occurrence of the ROM for functional activities.

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11
Q

Define muscle performance

A

-the capacity of muscle to produce tension and do physical work.

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12
Q

Define neuromuscular control

A

-Interaction of the sensory & motor system that enables synergists, agonists & antagonists, as well as stabilizers & neutralized or anticipate or respond to proprioceptive & kinesthetic information &, subsequently, to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement.

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13
Q

Define stability

A

the ability of the neuromuscular system through synergistic muscle actions to hold a proximal or distal body segment in a stationary position or to control a stable base during superimposed movement.

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14
Q

What are the component of physical function? 9

A
  1. •Balance
  2. •Muscle performance
  3. •Coordination
  4. •Postural control, stability & equilibrium
  5. •Cardiopulmonary
  6. •Stability
  7. •Flexibility
  8. •Mobility
  9. •Neuromuscular control
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15
Q

List the types of therapeutic exercise. 8

A
  1. -Aerobic conditioning & reconditioning
  2. -Muscle performance exercises: strength, power & endurance training
  3. -Stretching techniques including muscle-lengthening procedures & joint mobilization techniques
  4. -Neuromuscular control, inhibition & facilitation techniques 7 posture awareness training
  5. -Balance exercises & agility training
  6. -Relaxation exercises
  7. -Breathing exercises & ventilatory muscle training
  8. -Task-specific functional training
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16
Q

What is disablement?

A

•Disablement is a term that refers to the impact & functional consequences of acute or chronic conditions, such as disease, injury & congenital or developmental abnormalities, on specific body systems that compromise basic human performance & an individual’s ability to meet necessary, customary, expected & desired societal functions & roles.

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17
Q

List the models of disablement: 3

A
    • Nagi Model
    • International Classification of Impairment, Disability & Handicaps (ICIDH) model
    • International Classification of Function (ICF)
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18
Q

What are the common musculoskeletal Impairments Managed with Therapeutic exercises? 7

A
  1. -Pain,
  2. muscle weakness/reduced torque production,
  3. decreased muscular endurance,
  4. limited ROM,
  5. joint hypermobility,
  6. failure posture,
  7. muscle length/strength imbalances.
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19
Q

What are the common •Neuromuscular Impairments Managed with Therapeutic exercises? 8

A
  1. -Pain,
  2. impaired balance,
  3. postural stability or control
  4. -Incoordination,
  5. faulty timing
  6. , delayed motor development,
  7. abnormal tone
  8. , ineffective/inefficient functional movement strategies
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20
Q

What are the common Cardiovascular/Pulmonary Impairments Managed with Therapeutic exercises? 3

A
  1. -Decreased aerobic capacity,
  2. impaired circulation,
  3. pain with sustained physical activity.
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21
Q

What are the common IntegumentaryImpairments Managed with Therapeutic exercises?

A
  • Skin hypormobility
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22
Q

What are Common functional limitations related to physical tasks: 15

A
  1. -Reaching & grasping
  2. -Lifting & carrying
  3. -Pushing & pulling
  4. -Bending & stooping
  5. -Turning & twisting
  6. -Throwing & catching
  7. -Rolling
  8. -Standing
  9. -Squatting & kneeling
  10. -Standing up & sitting down
  11. -Getting in & out of bed
  12. -Crawling, walking, running
  13. -Ascending & descending stairs
  14. -Hopping & jumping
  15. -Kicking
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23
Q

What are the general categories of activities relevant to disability 8

A
  1. -Self-care
  2. -Mobility in the community
  3. -Occupational tasks
  4. -School-related tasks
  5. -Home management (indoor & outdoor)
  6. -Caring for dependents
  7. -Recreational & leisure activities
  8. -Community responsibilities & services
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24
Q

Disability can be prevented at 3 levels: 3

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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25
Q

Define primary intervention:

A

Activities such as health promotion designed to prevent disease in an at-risk population.

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26
Q

Define secondary intervention:

A

•Early diagnosis & reduction of the severity or duration of existing disease & sequelae.

27
Q

Define tertiary intervention

A

Use of rehabilitation to reduce the degree or limit the progression of existing disability & improve multiple aspects of function in persons with chronic, irreversible disease.

28
Q

List biological disablement risk factors 7

A
  1. -age,
  2. sex,
  3. race,
  4. height,
  5. weight,
  6. congenital disorders,
  7. family history of disease.
29
Q

List Behavioral/Psychological/lifestyle risk factors 7

A
  1. -Sedentary lifestyle,
  2. use of drugs,
  3. poor nutrition,
  4. low level of motivation,
  5. inadequate coping skills,
  6. difficulty dealing with change,
  7. negative affect.
30
Q

List Physical environment characteristics risk factors 3

A
  1. -Architectural barriers in the home,
  2. community & work;
  3. ergonomic characteristics of the home, work or school environment.
31
Q

List •Socioeconomic factors characteristics risk factors 4

A
  1. Low economic status,
  2. low level of education,
  3. inadequate access to healthcare,
  4. limited family or social support
32
Q

What is Patient the management model 3

A
  1. -Subjective examination; Objective examination; Diagnoses; Prognoses & plan of care; Intervention & Outcomes.
  2. -Referrals/consultations
  3. -Re-examination
33
Q

Describe the STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE EXERCISE & TASK-SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS 8

A
  1. -Select nondestructive environment
  2. -Demonstrate & make patient to model your movement
  3. -Guide patient through movement
  4. -Use clear & concise verbal & written directions
  5. -Complement written instructions for home program with illustration of exercises
  6. -Have the patient demonstrate an exercise to you as you supervise & provide feedback.
  7. -Provide specific, action-related feedback rather than general, nondestructive feedback.
  8. Teach an entire exercise program in small increments to allow time for patient to practice & learn components of the programme over several visits
34
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Motor learning is a complex set of internal processes that involves the relatively permanent acquisition & retention of a skilled movement or task through practice.

35
Q

What is a discrete task

A

-Discrete task: involves a movement with a recognizable beginning & end.

36
Q

What is a serial task?

A

-Serial task: composed of a series of discrete movements that are combined in a particular sequence.

37
Q

What is a continuous task?

A

-Continuous task: involves a repetitive, uninterrupted movement that have no distinct beginning & ending.

38
Q

What are the stages of motor learning 3

A
  1. -Cognitive stage
  2. -Associative stage
  3. -Autonomous stage
39
Q

What are the variables that influence motor learning during exercise instruction & functional training? 3

A
  1. -Pre-practice consideration
  2. -Practice
  3. -Feedback (intrinsic feedback, augmented feedback, timing of feedback, frequency of feedback)
40
Q

What are the factors that influence adherence to an exercise program? 3

A
  1. -Characteristic of the patient
  2. -Factors to health condition or impairment
  3. -Program related variables
41
Q

What is resisted exercise? 2

A
  1. •Any form of exercise that forces the skeletal muscles (not the involuntary muscles of your heart, lungs, etc.) to contract.
  2. •An external resistance (such as heavy weights) is used to cause the contractions, and those contractions lead to increases in muscular mass, strength, endurance and tone.
42
Q

What are the benefits of resisted exercise? 9

A
  1. •Enhance muscle performance.
  2. •Increase strength of connective tissue.
  3. •Greater mineral density.
  4. •Decreased stress on joints during physical activity.
  5. •Reduced risk of soft tissue injury during activity.
  6. Possible improvement in balance
  7. Enhanced physical performance during daily living, occupational, recreational activities.
  8. Positive changes in body composition: ­lean muscle mass & body fat↓
  9. Enhanced feeling of physical well-being.
43
Q

What are the components of strengthening? 3

A
  1. Strength
  2. Power
  3. Endurance
44
Q

What is force? 2

A
  1. •That which changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of matter”. e g when a critical amount of force is applied to a stationary object it will start to move.
  2. Unit of measurement “Newton”(N) force required to accelerate a mass of one kilogram at one metre/sec/sec
45
Q

What is strength? 7

A
  1. This is the ability to generate force.
  2. Central to muscle performance.
  3. Critical amount of strength is required to perform any function.
  4. •Measured in Newton’s or torque
  5. •The strength of a muscle - proportional to its cross-sectional area and independent of its length.
  6. •Contraction force - a given amount of strength is required for a given function.
  7. •Usually measured in 1RM (one repetition movement).
46
Q

Elaborate on the 1RM 3

A
  1. •One-repetition maximum (one rep maximum or 1RM) in weight training is the maximum amount of force that can be generated in one maximal contraction.
  2. •One repetition maximum can be used for determining an individual’s maximum strength and is the method for determining the winner in events such as powerlifting and weightlifting competitions.
  3. • One repetition maximum can also be used as an upper limit, in order to determine the desired “load” for an exercise (as a percentage of the 1RM)
47
Q

What is work? 3

A

Work

  1. •Product of the force and the distance through which it acts.
  2. •Unit of measurement is the joule (J).
  3. •NB-work can only be done when movement occurs.
48
Q

What is power?

A
  1. Work performed over time.
    • Is strength that is applied over distance for specific amount of time.
  3. •Unit of measurement is Watts (W).
  4. •Velocity = Distance
  5. Time
  6. •Power = Force x Velocity.
  7. •Muscles need to produce power in order to bring about movement –work/time.
  8. •Velocity is not really affected by injury, but rather by neuro-muscular disease.
  9. •Power output most likely to be affected by strength after an injury.
49
Q

What is endurance?

A

•This is the ability to continue activity and withstand fatigue.

  1. –Cardiopulmonary endurance (total body endurance)
  2. –Muscle endurance
50
Q

What is intensity?

A
  1. •Degree of difficulty of exercise.
  2. •Measure of how hard the athlete must work.
  3. •Taken as a percentage of the individual’s maximal aerobic and anaerobic power.
  4. •There are several ways of prescribing aerobic intensity levels, including maxVO2, the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion, a percentage of maximal heart rate.
51
Q

Describe the levels of intensity 4

A
  1. •Low strength 30% to 40% of 1RM for sedentary, untrained individuals
  2. •Mild strength 40 to 60% of 1RM
  3. •Moderate strength 60% to 70% of 1RM, healthy individuals
  4. •Very high strength 80% to 95% of 1RM for highly trained individuals.
52
Q

What are some ways of determining the intensity?

A
  1. •VO2 = maximum millilitres of oxygen consumed in 1 minute / body weight in kilograms (Laboratory)
  2. •220 - Age = Maximum Heart Rate
  3. Max Heart Rate - Rest. Heart Rate x Intensity + Rest. Heart Rate = Training Heart Rate.
53
Q

What are the principles of training? 6

A
  1. Training adaptation
  2. Transfer of training
  3. Individual difference
  4. Reversibility
  5. Overload
  6. specificity
54
Q

Define overload:

A
  1. •Increase in demand to force bodily adaptation.
  2. To stimulate an improvement in the physical condition of the body, it must experience physical stresses greater than those it would normally encounter
55
Q

Define training adaptation 2

A
  1. •Body’s response to physical stress.
  2. •When the body is subjected to appropriate overload, it will adapt to physical demands.
56
Q

Define specificity 3

A
  1. •Changes occur to the parts that are stressed.
  2. •Type of training effects produced by the exercise are specific to that type of exercise.
  3. •Must be specific to the type of sport/activity.
57
Q

Define transfer of training

A
  1. •Carry over or cross over training
  2. •Training effect can occur from exercised limb to unexercised contra lateral limb
58
Q

Define individual differences

A
  1. •Training must meet individual needs.
  2. •Genetic, individual commitment, level of physical & mental maturity.
59
Q

Define reversibility 2

A
  1. •Stop strengthening the muscles will weakening the muscles.
  2. •Detraining
60
Q

What are the normal factors that affect strength?

A
  1. •Development
  2. •Aging
  3. •Gender
  4. •Body types
  5. •Training
61
Q

What are the abnormal factors that affect strength? 4

A
  1. Injury
  2. Disease
  3. Disuse
  4. Fatigue
62
Q

Elaborate on exercise dosage: 7

A
  1. •Alignment of body segments
  2. •Exercise intensity
  3. •Volume of exercise
  4. •Duration
  5. •Frequency
  6. •Recovery
  7. Mode of exercise
63
Q
A

Physiotherapy (17 decks)

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