Test 1 Questions

Question 1

briefly describe any four major theoretical approaches that are of more immediate concern to the physiotherapist in the study of human movement (8)

Answer 1

anatomical: which describes the structure of the body and its parts and the potential for movement
physiological: which is the study of the processes involved in the initiation;continuation and control movement:
psychological: involves the sensations perceptions and motivations that stimulate movement and the neurological mechanisms that controls them.
mechanical: considers the force, time and distance relationship involved in human body.
social culture: meaning given to various movements in different human setting

Question 2

Explain six principles of strength training: (12)

Answer 2

1.Overload: increase in demand to force bodily adaption.
To stimulate an improvement in the physical condition of the body, it must experience physical stresses greater than those it would normally encounter
2.Training adaption: Body’s response to physical stress. when the body is subject to appropriate overload it will adapt to the physical demands.
3.specificity: changes occur to the parts that are stressed.
type of training effects produced by the exercise of specific to the type of exercise. must be specific to the type of sport or activity
4. transfer of training: carry over a
cross over training.
training effect can occur from over exercised limb to Unexercised contra lateral limb.
5.Individual differences: training must meet individual needs. genetic, individual commitment, level of physical and mental maturity.

6. reversibility:stop strengthen the
   muscles will weakening the muscles and in the muscles.
   -Detraining.

Question 3

Mr main had a bilateral lower limb above knee amputation he has shortened hip flexor muscles your treatment of Mr main includes passive movements and wheelchair prescription and among other things:
1. Justify the type of wheelchair you would prescribe?(3)

Answer 3

Since Mr main has a bilateral amputation his centre of gravity will be far back, therefore, there would be an increase in the tendency and risk for the chair to tip backwards therefore he should get a wheelchair with rear wheels shifted backwards in the anterior of the chair. As well as, it should be a self propelled wheelchair so he can be independent for movement and if he can afford an electric chair, that would be ideal so he does not have to exert himself when he would like to move.

Question 4

Mr main had a bilateral lower limb above knee amputation he has shortened hip flexor muscles your treatment of Mr main includes passive movements and wheelchair prescription and among other things:

You decide to do physiological passive movements explain the difference between physiological and accessory passive movements.(4)

Answer 4

Physiological passive movements‘s are movements performed for the patient which the patient would be able to perform if they had muscle activity, (eg, elbow flexion)however, accessory passive movements is movements performed for the patient which the patient would not be able to perform even if they had muscle activity ( e.g. individual vertebral bone)

Question 5

Mr main had a bilateral lower limb above knee amputation he has shortened hip flexor muscles your treatment of Mr main includes passive movements and wheelchair prescription and among other things:

What are the two main uses of passive movements in Mr Mains case?(2)*
*

Answer 5

To ensure that he doesn’t develop further contractures in his shortened hip flexor and to improve it as well as to help relive pain he has from his shortened hip flexor and to induce relaxation in it.

Question 6

Explain three techniques that you would use to develop a therapeutic relationship with Mr main? (6)

Answer 6

a) correct greeting, showing care, calling him Mr main.
b) Listening to his story, showing understanding and allowing him to tell his story and explain his hardships.
C) To give genuine feedback. Not to lye to him but rather telling him the truth in a positive, thoughtful manner.
NB get consent

Question 7

What are the uses of passive movements? (10)

Answer 7

1.To relieve pain
2 to move joints which are normally not under voluntary control
3 to demonstrate an active movement which is required of the patient
4.to maintain the memory pattern of movement.
5. to improve normal sensory motor experience.
6 to induce relaxation.
7. To prevent the contractures
8.to prevent soft tissue adhesions
9 to maintain joint range.
10 to improve joint range.

Question 8

true or false? (1)

.1.Passive movements improve strength?
.2.Passive movements increase strength?
.3.Relaxed passive movements are used when a person has full range of movement?

Answer 8

1. False
2. False
3. True

Question 9

What physiological passive movements? (2)

Answer 9

Movements performed for the patient which the patients would be able to perform if they had muscle activity.

Question 10

Why is it important for a physiotherapist to know correct lifting techniques? (4)

Answer 10

1. Incorrect lifting can result in back injuries example disc lesion and muscle strains.
2. the physiotherapist lifts and transfers patients all day.
3. the physiotherapist also needs to lift objects and place them in a proper place.
4. it is also the physiotherapist responsibility to teach correct lifting methods to the general public and patients.

Question 11

List the three locking points that must be supported when doing a standing transfer? (3)

Answer 11

The knees; pelvis/waistband and patients weak arm tucked in under physiotherapist arm.

Question 12

Mr Swanepoel recently had a stroke leaving his right side weak. He is now bedridden and you are his physiotherapist.

Discuss five reasons for correct positioning of Mr Swanepoel? (10) **

Answer 12

*Correct positioning will help Mr Swanepoel as it would attempt to inhibit the abnormal posture typical of hemiplegia. There will be sensory stimulation through weight-bearing on the affected side. It will help with the prevention of pressure sores. it will help with the prevention of soft tissue contractions. Also, to prevent soft tissue damage which may occur due to overstretching when the limbs are not well supported. Furthermore, it will provide the patient with comfort. Additionally, it will help him maintain a clear airway and reduction of the risk of aspiration.

Question 13

Mr Swanepoel recently had a stroke leaving his right side weak. He is now bedridden and you are his physiotherapist.

Which principles of lifting apply when two or more people lift Mr Swanepoel together? (4)

Answer 13

The people should be nearly the same height. They should each try carry approximately the same weight. One person should be in charge and give a clear signal when to lift. The stronger person should be at the head side of the patient.

Question 14

Mr Keyes is a 24 year old rugby player injured his left knee during tackling in a match two weeks ago he presents to you with severe pain swelling inability to flex the knee and poor knee flexor muscle strength and in ability to put weight on the left lower limb.

Name the plane and axis at which knee flextion movement occurs.(2)

Answer 14

Sagital plane and frontal/ transversal axis.

Question 15

Mr Keyes is a 24 year old rugby player injured his left knee during tackling in a match two weeks ago he presents to you with severe pain swelling inability to flex the knee and poor knee flexor muscle strength and in ability to put weight on the left lower limb.

List two functional activities that will be affected with Mr Keyes knee injury.(2)

Answer 15

He will have problems

walking/running and squatting and kneeling.

Question 16

Explain two benefits of resistance exercise: (4)

Answer 16

Two benefits of resistance exercise is that it will enhance muscle performance and increase strength of of connective tissue. Furthermore, it will enhance physical performance during daily living, occupational, reacreational activities. Also, it can decrease stress on joints during physical activity.

Question 17

Mr Keyes is a 24 year old rugby player injured his left knee during tackling in a match two weeks ago he presents to you with severe pain swelling inability to flex the knee and poor knee flexor muscle strength and in ability to put weight on the left lower limb.

List three precautions to consider when Mr Keyes performs exercises.(3)

Answer 17

He must be careful overtraining and overworking his knee muscles; as well as not to substitute motions; lastly, the issue of exercise induced muscles soreness eg acute soreness in his knees.

Question 18

Describe three considerations of activities of daily living.(6)

Answer 18

The therapeutic considerations should be as normal and as economic as possible; economic meaning the use of cost effective improvises/devices; normal meaning, sequencing/ posture/alignment. As well as it should be activities that the patient does regularly to promote self responsibility; the daily routine of the patient should be considered and fit into it; the reeducation should be task orientated. Lastly, focus should be on the patients highest level of function.

Question 19

Using an examples explain the difference between a basic activities of daily living and an instrumental activity of daily living? (4)

Answer 19

The difference it be that basic ADLs refers to self-care such as eating
bathing, washing, transferring, toileting, dressing and personal grooming; However , instrumental ADLs allow a personal to live independently in a community but are needed for fundamental functioning examples shopping, driving, cleaning the house, cooking using a phone, doing a hobby.

Question 20

In what position should a patient with cerebral oedema be positioned and why?

Answer 20

Since intercranial pressure is highly dependent on posture, being higher in patients who are lying flat and lower when setting up. This is because when sitting in a more upright position it will enable the blood to flow away from the head and more down the body because of gravity. therefore, the position of the patient should be sitting up, to help reduce the cerebral oedema.

Question 21

State the definition of health according to the world health organization 1978. (2)

Answer 21

Health is defined as a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely absence of disease.

Question 22

Outline the two aims of health education.

Answer 22

To to motivate people to adopt health promoting behaviours by providing appropriate knowledge and helping to develop positive attitude, as well as to help people to make decisions about their health and acquire the necessary confidence and skills to put their decision into practice

Question 23

Describe five characteristics of adult learners.

Answer 23

1. Autonomous (independent) and self directed ie, must involve them, get their perspective.
2. Must bring life experiences to learning- they want learning to be linked to life experiences.
3. They want Goal oriented program- they want clear objectives.
4. They want the subject to be relevancy oriented- they must see a reason for learning the subject.
5. They must see the subject being practical to their daily life.

Question 24

State five principles of group rehabilitation.(5)

Answer 24

1 Must be needs-based. 2 health education aims at change of behaviour therefore it’s important to understand human behaviour and effective teaching processes.3 encourage participation of the individual and community 4. Start from known to unknown and make it a two way communication. 5. adapt the health education to suit the audience age, gender, literacy level, health problem and social environment. 6. apply the principles of adult learning.

Question 25

What is meant by “ Quadruple burden of disease”?(1)

Answer 25

It is 4 clear health problems that are the 4 health leading problems of health that cause death and disability in a country eg, in South Africa, HIV/AIDS and TB; maternal,infant and child mortality;
non-communicable diseases; injury and violence.

Question 26

Define disability in your own words:(2)

Answer 26

Disability means when someone is not able to do something due to his physical body or to his mind
(psychological. disability means that those people will have trouble doing normal activities due to their situation.

Question 27

*List two types of disability organizations:(2)

Answer 27

One type of organisation is one that focuses on one specific type of disability, for example people have a stroke they will only focus on those type of patients. Another type is one that is more fluid and that helps all kinds of disabilities for example they will supply wheelchairs and rehabilitation and many other things but they are not fixed to a specific sector.

Question 28

What does casual day mean in South Africa? (1)

Answer 28

It is a day celebrated on the 4th of September and organizations fundraiser and spread awareness through campaigns for persons with disabilities, in South Africa.

Question 29

Define disability use in the moral model.(2).

Answer 29

The moral model is that, people are morally responsible for their impairments as punishment from their misdeeds. The model is based on religious myths and is the oldest model of disability.

Question 30

List five possible roles that you would have as a health educator?(5)
1.Assessment of the individual and community needs for health education.2. planning effective health education programs.3. implementing health education programs.4. coordinating the position of a set of health education services.5. acting as a resource person for health education.6.communicating health and health education needs concerns and resources.6. evaluating defectiveness of health education.

Answer 30

1.Assessment of the individual and community needs for health education.2. planning effective health education programs.3. implementing health education programs.4. coordinating the position of a set of health education services.5. acting as a resource person for health education..

(Extra)communicating health and health education needs concerns and resources.evaluating defectiveness of health education.

Question 31

List three barriers to effective communication. (3)

Answer 31

1. Social and cultural barriers.2. Language issues.3. Personal issues.

Question 32

Define professional behavior?(3)

Answer 32

Professionalism is the behaviour, competence, or skill expected of a professional, behaviour is the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others or in response to particular situation or stimulus. (Examples , would be dressing in a professional manner, being reliable, informed to patients and colleagues)

Question 33

Explain one element of well being.(2)

Answer 33

Financial- making, saving money and developing financial intelligence.

Question 34

Define reflective practice? (3)

Answer 34

Reflective practice is a process by which you stop and think about your practice, consciously analyse your decision making and draw on the theory and relate it to what you do in practice.

Question 35

List three components of refelective writing. (2)

Answer 35

Describe- what happened.
Interpret-what does the experience mean to the person as a learner, thinker, writer
Evaluate-how valuable was the experience?
Plan- what will the person do with their learning.

(More 4 things)

Question 36

Give two reasons for group therapy.(2)

Answer 36

For education, it raises awareness of health issues through group discussions and to impart skills for example exercises; it helps with mutual support such as stroke groups, in which all the participants have smiliar difficulties. Also, it is time saving and cost effective instead of individual therapy.

Question 37

Explain two principles of group therapy.(2)

Answer 37

Principles of group therapy would be to have a group therapy plan (clear objectives, time scheduled ect.)
To inform the patients about the goal of the group.
Select exercises appropriately according to the groups needs.