Introduction to Human Movement Flashcards
What is kinesiology?
Kinesiology is also known as human kinetics and is the scientific study of human movement
Where does motion take place and what is involved in human movement?
Motion takes place at the joints. Bones and soft tissues are involved in human movement
What are the body segments? 3
- Axial skeleton (head, neck and trunk)
- Upper extremity (arm, forearm and hand)
- Lower extremity (thigh, leg and foot)
How does muscle provide the motor force to move?
Muscle attaches to bone and contracts to move the parts
What are the 5 major theoretical approaches?
- Anatomical: describes the structure of the body and its parts and their potential for movement
- Physiological: studies the processes involved in the initiation, continuation and control of movement
- Psychological: examines the sensations, perceptions and motivations that stimulate movement and the neurological mechanisms which controls them
- Mechanical: considers the force, time and distance relationships involved in the human body
- Socio-cultural : meaning given to various movements in different human setting
What is the anatomical position?
- Standing position
- Feet together
- Arms at the side
- Head, eyes and palms of hand facing forward
- Relaxed position - thumbs pointing slightly anteriorly
- Anatomical position - thumb is a lateral structure
What is a plane in terms of movement?
A plane is described as a flat surface
What is axes in terms of movement?
Axes is described as a straight line around which an object rotates
How is human movement described?
Human movements are described in 3 dimensions based on a series of planes and axes
What are the 3 planes of motion?
- The sagittal plane
- The frontal plane
- The transverse plane
Describe the sagittal plane
The sagittal plane divides the body vertically into left and right halves in which forward and backward movements of the body
Describe the frontal plane
The frontal plane splits the body vertically into front and back halves in which lateral movements of the body occur
Describe the transverse plane
The transverse plane separates the body into top and bottom halves in which horizontal segment movements occur
What are the 3 anatomical references axes?
- The frontal (mediolateral) axis
- The vertical (longitudinal) axis
- The sagittal (anterior-posterior) axis
Describe the frontal axis
The frontal (mediolateral) axis is an imaginary line around which sagittal plane rotation occurs
Describe the vertical/longitudinal axis
The vertical or longitudinal axis is an imaginary line around which transverse plane rotations occur
Describe the sagittal/ anterior posterior axis
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What causes motion?
Joint motion can be caused by:
- Internal forces: muscle contraction
- External forces: gravity and/or manual and mechanical forces
How are joints classified?
Joints can be classified as:
- Synovial or free moveable
- Cartilagenous or slightly moveable
- Fibrous or fixed
What does the function of the joints depends on ?
The function of the joints depends on shape and how well they fit together?
How can we type movement of bone surfaces?
Movement of bone surfaces may be typed as:
- Spinning
- Rolling
- Sliding
What does joint stability depend on?
Stability of a joint depends on:
- The shape of articular surface and their congruency
- The ligaments
- Muscle tension in surrounding musculature
- Fascial structures
- Atmospheric pressure
Define articular surface
Opposition ends of each bone that forms a joint
Define cartilage
Smooth , wear resistance surface and friction free movement
Define joint capsule
Structure that encloses a joint
Define synovial membrane with synovial fluid
To lubricate the joint
Tendons
Tendons are the extension of muscle that attaches to bone
Ligaments
Bone to bone
Stabilizing muscles
Structures that move the joint
Classification of synovial joints
- Uniaxial: hinge and pivot joints
- Biaxial: condyloid and ellipsoid joint
- Multiaxial joint: ball and socket and saddle joint
- Non-axial: gliding joints
