Intro to human movement Flashcards
What is kinesiology?
Kinesiology is the scientific study of human movement
What the 8 priniciple body segments?
- Axial skeleton: head-neck and trunk
- Upper extremity: arm, forearm and hand
- Lower extremity: thigh, leg and foot
What are 5 major theoretical approaches to studying movement?
- Anatomical
- Physiological
- Psychological
- Mechanical
- Socio-cultural
Describe the anatomical theoretical approach. 2
The anatomical approach describes:
- Structure of the body and its parts
- Their potential for movement
Describe the physiological theoretical approach. 3
The physiological approach studies the processes involved with the
- initiation
- continuation
- control of movement
Describe the psychological theoretical approach. 4
The psychological approach examines:
- sensations
- perceptions
- motivations that stimulate movement
- neurological mechanisms which control them
Describe the mechanical theoretical approach. 3
The mechanical approach considers:
- The force,
- time
- distance relationship involved in the human body
Describe the socio-cultural theoretical approach.
The socio-cultural-theoretical approach shows how meaning is given to various movements in different human settings.
Describe the anatomical position 6
What is a plane?
Plane is defined as a flat surface
What is axes
Axes is described as a straight line around which an object can rotate
How are human movements described? 3
Human movments are described in three dimensions based on a series of planes and axes.
Name the 3 imaginary planes of motion
- Sagittal (left and right)
- Frontal (front and back)
- Transverse (top and botom
Describe the sagittal plane.
Describe the frontal plane
Describe the transverse plane
What are the 3 axes?
- Frontal (medio-lateral): sagittal movement
- Vertical (longitudinal): transverse
- Sagittal (anterior-posterior): frontal
What causes motion? 4
Joint motion can be caused by:
- Internal forces: muscle contraction
- External forces: gravity &/or manal/ mechanical forces
What does joint stability depend on? 5
S L M F A
- The shape of the articular surfaces and thier congruency
- The ligaments
- Muscle tension in surrounding musculature
- Fascial structures
- Atmospheric pressure
What is closed-pack position? 5
- Closed-packed position is the final limiting position of the joint.
- The surfaces are congruent.
- The articular surfaces fit each other well.
- Ligaments are under maximum tension
- Fundmental movements cannot occur.
What is loose-packed position?
In loose-packed position:
- The surfaces are not congruent
- Articular surface do not fit each other well
- Fundamental movements can occur
- Movement is limited by reflex response for structural protection
What is open chain exercise?
In open chain exercise the distal segment terminates in free space
What is close chain exercise?
In close chain exercise, the distal segment is fixed.
What is joint ROM?
Its the maximum amount of displacement at any one point
What is ROM measured with?
Goniometer
What are the 3 types of muscle?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
All muscles have ____ ____ _____ and ____ ____which can be increased during activity
Rich capillary bed
Blood flow
What can we find in the cell membrane (sarcolemma) 3
- Many myofibrils
- Two tubular systems (transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum)
- Mitochondria
What are sarcomeres? Where are they found?
The sarcomere is considered to be the basic contractile unit of the muscle fibre. It is found in the myofibril enclosed between two Z lines.
What do sarcomeres contain?
- Thick filiaments (myosin)
- Thin filaments (actin, troponin and tropomyosin)
Describe type I muscle fibres. 4
- Type I muscle fibres are known as slow twitch/ tonic/ slow oxidative or red fibres)
- Involved in maintained activity
- Found in smaller motor units
- Have a high capacity for aerobic metabolism and are fatigue resistant
Describe type II muscle fibres 4
- Type II muscle fibres are known as fast twitch/ phasic/ fast-glycolytic/ white fibres.
- Involved in sharp bursts of activity
- Found in larger motor units
- Rely on anaerobic metabolism
What muscle fibre shows intermediate characterisitcs?
Type II fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibres show intermediate characterisitcs
What is a muscle twitch?
When a single electrical pulse of an an adequate intensity is applied to a muscle via the motor nerve, there is a latent perioid in which there is no activity after which tit will respond with a quick contraction followed by a relaxation phase. This is called a muscle twitch.
What is a tetanic contraction?
A tetanic contraction is a sustained muscle contraction evoked when the motor nerve that innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate
What is the order of recruitment of motor unit determined by?
- The order of recruitment of motor units is determined by their size
- The smallest units are recruited first because of their high excitability
- If a stronger contraction is required more motor units become progressively recruited
- When a maximum voluntary contraction is required, the largest motor units become involved
What is a motor unit?
A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminals.
What are muscle grouped into?
Fasciculi
Muscles that perform finer movement have… fasiculi and muscles that perform gross movements have —- number of muscle fibers in each fasciculi
Small
Larger
What is muscle contraction?
Muscle contraction is an attempt of the activated muscle to develop tension and shorten
What are the two major types of muscle contraction?
- Dynamic: muscle actively alters its length
- Isometric: no muscle length alteration
Describe the different forms of dynamic contractions.
- Concentric: shortening
- Eccentrinic: lengthening
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIYhrj4QBWU
What is a passive movement?
Movement that are brought about by an external force
What is an active movement?
Movements performed by a patient either freely, assisted or resisted
What is a lever?
Lever is a rigid bar or mss which rotates around a fixed point called the axis of rotation or fulcrum.
What is effort?
Effort is the force applied to a lever to overcarm resistance
What is effort arm?
Effort arm is the distance between the point on the lever where effort is applied and the fulcrum.
What is resistance/load arm?
The resistance/load arm is the distance from the load to the axis of rotation or falcrum.
