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Physiotherapy > Intro to human movement > Flashcards

Intro to human movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinesiology?

A

Kinesiology is the scientific study of human movement

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2
Q

What the 8 priniciple body segments?

A
  1. Axial skeleton: head-neck and trunk
  2. Upper extremity: arm, forearm and hand
  3. Lower extremity: thigh, leg and foot
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3
Q

What are 5 major theoretical approaches to studying movement?

A
  1. Anatomical
  2. Physiological
  3. Psychological
  4. Mechanical
  5. Socio-cultural
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4
Q

Describe the anatomical theoretical approach. 2

A

The anatomical approach describes:

  1. Structure of the body and its parts
  2. Their potential for movement
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5
Q

Describe the physiological theoretical approach. 3

A

The physiological approach studies the processes involved with the

  1. initiation
  2. continuation
  3. control of movement
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6
Q

Describe the psychological theoretical approach. 4

A

The psychological approach examines:

  1. sensations
  2. perceptions
  3. motivations that stimulate movement
  4. neurological mechanisms which control them
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7
Q

Describe the mechanical theoretical approach. 3

A

The mechanical approach considers:

  1. The force,
  2. time
  3. distance relationship involved in the human body
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8
Q

Describe the socio-cultural theoretical approach.

A

The socio-cultural-theoretical approach shows how meaning is given to various movements in different human settings.

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9
Q

Describe the anatomical position 6

A
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10
Q

What is a plane?

A

Plane is defined as a flat surface

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11
Q

What is axes

A

Axes is described as a straight line around which an object can rotate

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12
Q

How are human movements described? 3

A

Human movments are described in three dimensions based on a series of planes and axes.

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13
Q

Name the 3 imaginary planes of motion

A
  1. Sagittal (left and right)
  2. Frontal (front and back)
  3. Transverse (top and botom
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14
Q

Describe the sagittal plane.

A
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15
Q

Describe the frontal plane

A
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16
Q

Describe the transverse plane

A
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17
Q

What are the 3 axes?

A
  1. Frontal (medio-lateral): sagittal movement
  2. Vertical (longitudinal): transverse
  3. Sagittal (anterior-posterior): frontal
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18
Q

What causes motion? 4

A

Joint motion can be caused by:

  1. Internal forces: muscle contraction
  2. External forces: gravity &/or manal/ mechanical forces
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19
Q

What does joint stability depend on? 5

S L M F A

A
  1. The shape of the articular surfaces and thier congruency
  2. The ligaments
  3. Muscle tension in surrounding musculature
  4. Fascial structures
  5. Atmospheric pressure
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20
Q

What is closed-pack position? 5

A
  1. Closed-packed position is the final limiting position of the joint.
  2. The surfaces are congruent.
  3. The articular surfaces fit each other well.
  4. Ligaments are under maximum tension
  5. Fundmental movements cannot occur.
21
Q

What is loose-packed position?

A

In loose-packed position:

  1. The surfaces are not congruent
  2. Articular surface do not fit each other well
  3. Fundamental movements can occur
  4. Movement is limited by reflex response for structural protection
22
Q

What is open chain exercise?

A

In open chain exercise the distal segment terminates in free space

23
Q

What is close chain exercise?

A

In close chain exercise, the distal segment is fixed.

24
Q

What is joint ROM?

A

Its the maximum amount of displacement at any one point

25
Q

What is ROM measured with?

A

Goniometer

26
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Smooth
  3. Cardiac
27
Q

All muscles have ____ ____ _____ and ____ ____which can be increased during activity

A

Rich capillary bed

Blood flow

28
Q

What can we find in the cell membrane (sarcolemma) 3

A
  1. Many myofibrils
  2. Two tubular systems (transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum)
  3. Mitochondria
29
Q

What are sarcomeres? Where are they found?

A

The sarcomere is considered to be the basic contractile unit of the muscle fibre. It is found in the myofibril enclosed between two Z lines.

30
Q

What do sarcomeres contain?

A
  1. Thick filiaments (myosin)
  2. Thin filaments (actin, troponin and tropomyosin)
31
Q

Describe type I muscle fibres. 4

A
  1. Type I muscle fibres are known as slow twitch/ tonic/ slow oxidative or red fibres)
  2. Involved in maintained activity
  3. Found in smaller motor units
  4. Have a high capacity for aerobic metabolism and are fatigue resistant
32
Q

Describe type II muscle fibres 4

A
  1. Type II muscle fibres are known as fast twitch/ phasic/ fast-glycolytic/ white fibres.
  2. Involved in sharp bursts of activity
  3. Found in larger motor units
  4. Rely on anaerobic metabolism
33
Q

What muscle fibre shows intermediate characterisitcs?

A

Type II fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibres show intermediate characterisitcs

34
Q

What is a muscle twitch?

A

When a single electrical pulse of an an adequate intensity is applied to a muscle via the motor nerve, there is a latent perioid in which there is no activity after which tit will respond with a quick contraction followed by a relaxation phase. This is called a muscle twitch.

35
Q

What is a tetanic contraction?

A

A tetanic contraction is a sustained muscle contraction evoked when the motor nerve that innervates a skeletal muscle emits action potentials at a very high rate

36
Q

What is the order of recruitment of motor unit determined by?

A
  1. The order of recruitment of motor units is determined by their size
  2. The smallest units are recruited first because of their high excitability
  3. If a stronger contraction is required more motor units become progressively recruited
  4. When a maximum voluntary contraction is required, the largest motor units become involved
37
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminals.

38
Q
A
39
Q

What are muscle grouped into?

A

Fasciculi

40
Q

Muscles that perform finer movement have… fasiculi and muscles that perform gross movements have —- number of muscle fibers in each fasciculi

A

Small

Larger

41
Q

What is muscle contraction?

A

Muscle contraction is an attempt of the activated muscle to develop tension and shorten

42
Q

What are the two major types of muscle contraction?

A
  1. Dynamic: muscle actively alters its length
  2. Isometric: no muscle length alteration
43
Q

Describe the different forms of dynamic contractions.

A
  1. Concentric: shortening
  2. Eccentrinic: lengthening

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIYhrj4QBWU

44
Q

What is a passive movement?

A

Movement that are brought about by an external force

45
Q

What is an active movement?

A

Movements performed by a patient either freely, assisted or resisted

46
Q

What is a lever?

A

Lever is a rigid bar or mss which rotates around a fixed point called the axis of rotation or fulcrum.

47
Q

What is effort?

A

Effort is the force applied to a lever to overcarm resistance

48
Q

What is effort arm?

A

Effort arm is the distance between the point on the lever where effort is applied and the fulcrum.

49
Q

What is resistance/load arm?

A

The resistance/load arm is the distance from the load to the axis of rotation or falcrum.

Physiotherapy (17 decks)

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