Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry Module 2 > Therapeutic Drug Monitoring > Flashcards

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Methotrexatate

A

Antineoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Phenobarbital

A

Anticonvulsant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vancomycin

A

Antibiotic (antimicrobial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cyclosporine

A

Immunosuppressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ethosuximide

A

Anticonvulsant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Theophyline

A

Bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Anti-Psychotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Antibiotic (antimicrobial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Quinidine

A

Cardioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primidone

A

Anticonvulsant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mycophenolic acid

A

Immunosuppressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Aminoglycosides (Tobramycin and Gentamicin)

A

Antibiotic (Antimicrobial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Antineoplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lithium

A

Anti-Psychotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Valproic acid

A

Anticonvulsant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sirolimus (Rapamycin)

A

Immunosuppressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Serotonin-release inhibitors

A

Anti-Psychotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lidocaine

A

Cardioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Caffeine

A

Bronchodilator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phenytoin

A

Anticonvulsant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tacrolimus (Prograf or FK-506)

A

Immunosuppressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Serotonin-selective reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)

A

Anti-Psychotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Procainamide

A

Cardioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Carbamazepine

A

Anticonvulsant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A chemical used to selectively perturb specific tissues or a specific function of these tissues

A

Drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A drug given to produce a DESIRABLE effect

A

Therapeutic drug

28
Q

The minimum concentration that one can take to have a desired effectiveness

A

Minimum effective concentration

29
Q

Minimum concentration that one can take to have a toxic effect

A

Minimum toxic concentration

30
Q

The fraction of drug that is absorbed into circulation

A

Bioavaliability

31
Q

Three general types of candidates for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)

A
  1. Pediatric or geriatric patients
  2. Patients with other underlying conditions
  3. Patients on multiple dug therapies
32
Q

List three purposes of therapeutic drug monitoring

A
  1. Check for compliance or non-compliance
  2. Initiation and maintenance of the most appropriate dosing regimen for a particular patient
  3. Interpreting toxic symptoms of patients to whom a drug is prescribed
33
Q

Two general reasons why certain drugs may require monitoring

A

*

34
Q

Represents the range of drug concentrations within which the probability of the desired clinical response is relatively high and the probability of unacceptable toxicity is relatively low

A

Therapeutic Range

35
Q

*

A

Reference Range

36
Q

Define Liberation

- organ system involved

A

Process of a drug passing into a solution

37
Q

Define Absorption

- organ system involved

A

Process of taking the drug into the body’s circulation

- GI tract, skin, intramuscular injection, or intrathecal injection

38
Q

Define Distribution

- organ system involved

A

How drugs are delivered throuhout the bloodstream after being absorbed
- blood space, enter extravascular fluids, migrate to tissues or organs

39
Q

Define Metabolism

- organ system involved

A

Process of biotransformation of the parent drug to one or more metabolites
- Liver and kidney, but also in plasma and muscle tissue

40
Q

Define Elimination

- organ system involved

A

Final excretion of drug from the body

- Kidney (urine) and Liver (bile and feces)

41
Q

Four sites of drug absorption

A

GI tract
Small intestine
Skin
intramuscular/intrathecal injection

42
Q

When drugs are absorbed from the intestine they are transported by portal circulation to liver where they are substantially metabolized before reaching systemic circulation. This lowers the concentration of active parent drug.

A

“first-pass metabolism”

43
Q

seven general factors which affect drug distribution

A
  1. Binding of drug to circulating blood components
  2. Binding of drug to fixed receptors
  3. Passage through membrane barriers
  4. Ability to dissolve in structural or storage lipids
  5. Molecular weight of drug
  6. pKa of drug (acidic, basic?)
  7. Condition of patient
44
Q

Drug metabolism

- two primary and two secondary sites of metabolism

A

Primary: liver and kidney
Secondary: Plasma and muscle tissue

45
Q

Drug metabolism

- Differentiation of hepatic enzyme induction and inhibition

A

Inhibition: concentration of drug stays higher
Induction:?

46
Q

two major routs of drug elimination

A

Kidney or Liver

47
Q

four minor routes of drug elimination

A

Skin (sweat), lungs (expired air), mammary glands (milk), salivary glands

48
Q

Protein binding of a drug

- why it is important for distribution and elimination of a drug

A

Alteration in protein concentration will alter the free and bound portions of drug in the blood stream.

  • only FREE drug is available for distribution and elimination
  • only FREE drug may cross cell membranes or may interact with cellular receptors
49
Q

Protein binding of a drug

- Three general conditions which may cause altered protein binding of a drug

A
  1. Uremia
  2. Conditions of acute stress
  3. Aging patients
50
Q

How does cardiac disease affect the LADME system?

A

Affects distribution and elimination of the drug

51
Q

How does liver disease affect the LADME system?

A

Affects metabolism and elimination of a drug

52
Q

How does Renal disease affect the LADME system?

A

Affects metabolism and elimination of a drug

53
Q

Three general factors that affect drug disposition and an example of one condition associated with each factor

A

Biological - Genetics
Physiological - Age
Pathological - Burns
(*many more examples on page D)

54
Q

Define synergistic dug interaction and give its general mechanism

A

Definition: a response to a drug that is greater than expected than if the drug were administered alone
Mechanism: ?

55
Q

Define antagonistic drug interactions and give its general mechanism

A

Definition: A response to a drug that is less than expected than if the drug were administered alone
Mechanism: It blocks cellular activity

56
Q

Steady-state drug levels:

- how dosing regimens are set according to the drug’s half-life

A

Measure LADME

57
Q

Steady-state drug levels:

- number of half-lives before steady-state is achieved

A

4-5 half lives

58
Q

Steady-state drug levels:

- Importance of monitoring peak and trough drug levels in setting dosing regimens

A

To avoid toxicity

59
Q

Three goals goals of dosing

A
  • Through should be reached before giving next dose
  • Trough should not fall below MEC
  • Peak should not be above the MTC
60
Q

Active metabolites of procainamide

A

n-acetyl procainamide or NAPA

61
Q

Active metabolite of primidone

A

Phenobarbital

62
Q

Active metabolite of theophylline

A

Caffeine

63
Q

What microorganisms are susceptible to aminoglycosides?

A

Gram negative

64
Q

What microorganisms are susceptible to chloramphenicol?

A

Gram negative

65
Q

What microorganisms are susceptible to vancomycin?

A

Some gram positive and some gram negative

66
Q

List specific disorder treated by lithium therapy

A

Manic-depressive disorders (bipolar disorders)

Chemistry Module 2 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions