Nutrition and Vitamins Flashcards
Inadequate intake of protein and/or calories; affects children, particularly after nursing stops; this describes protein-energy malnutrition where?
in developing/third world countries
______ _______ is the world’s greatest cause of disease and death
Poor nutrition
caused by inadequate intake of protein, increased protein loss, or increased body requirement; this protein-energy malnutrition occurs where?
in developed countries
severe protein deficiency but adequate total calorie intake
Kwashiorkor
Why do patients with Kwashiorkor have hepatomegaly and ascites?
swollen abdomen because of protein deficiency and subcutaneous fat is still present
Why do patients with Kwashiorkor not burn fat?
because there is no calorie deficiency; they are burning muscle to liberate free amino acids
deficient protein AND calorie intake
Marasmus
Why is the subcutaneous fat markedly depleted?
to liberate calories
Why is there severe muslce wasting in marasmus?
Muscle is depleted due to the need for calories and amino acids
Three causes of protein-energy malnutrition in the developed world
1 increased nutrient loss
2 Decreased intake
3 increased body requirement
Three related states associated with increased nutrient loss
1 malabsorption
2 diarrhea
3 chronic hemorrhage
Three related states associated with decreased intake
1 senility/mental illness 2 food cost 3 poor dentition 4 nausea 5 alcoholism 6 anorexia 7 dysphagia
Three related states associated with increased body requirement
1 neoplasm 2 infection 3 fever 4 trauma 5 burns 6 surgery 7 lactation
BMI levels for obesity
> 30
BMI levels for morbid obesity
> 40
Name at least four minerals
sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphorous
Name at least four essential trace elements
cobalt, chromium, copper, fluoride, manganese, iron, selenium, nickel, molybdenum, zinc
Why do patients typically only suffer from deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins?
because any excess is excreted in the urine
micronutrients that are not produced endogenously and must be obtained by dietary intake; most are cofactors for enzymatic reactions
Vitamins
Three fat-soluble vitamins
A, E, and K
Why can there be both deficiencies and toxicities in fat-soluble vitamins?
because they are stored in fat, there is the possibility for acute toxicity in rapid weight loss
Three reasons why a patient be deficient in fat-soluble vitamins?
Decreased in cases of malabsorption, biliary insufficiency, or pancreatic insufficiency
