Nutriton and Vitamins (Part 2)

Question 1

Vitamin deficiency associated with beriberi

Answer 1

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency

Question 2

Vitamin deficiency associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and segment of the population affected by this syndrome

Answer 2

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Deficiency 
- Associated with alcoholism due to thiamine's role in helping brain cells produce energy from glucose

Question 3

Vitamin deficiency associated with pellagra

Answer 3

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) (Nicotinic Acid) Deficiency

Question 4

Four D’s associated with pellagra

Answer 4

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

Question 5

Typical gross symptoms associated with Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency

Answer 5

• atrophic glossitis (“smooth tongue”) with ulceration, seborrhoeic dermatitis-erruption, angular chalets and conjunctivitis
• Neurological symptoms: somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy

Question 6

Why do patients with Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency demonstrate abnormal hematopoiesis leading to megaloblastic anemia

Answer 6

Folate deficiency limits cell division, erythropoiesis is hindered and leads to megaloblastic anemia, which is characterized by large red blood cells with fragile membranes

Question 7

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin):
- The compound that is necessary for its absorption

Answer 7

intrinsic factor

Question 8

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin):
- Three general causes of deficiency

Answer 8

1. Inadequate intrinsic factor
2. Inadequate B12/IF complexes
3. Inadequate absorption

Question 9

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin):
- Type of anemia that results from altered action of intrinsic factor

Answer 9

Pernicious Anemia

Question 10

Symptoms of Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 10

• Swollen gums/loss of teeth
• Skin lesions
• Petechial hemorrhage in lower extremities
• Reduced wound healing
• Osteoporosis

Question 11

Disease associated with severe deficiency of Vitamin C

Answer 11

Scurvy

Question 12

Vitamin A:

- Three symptoms associated with deficiency

Answer 12

• Night blindness
• Disordered keratinization
• impaired immunity
• Hyperkeratosis
• Hyperkeratosis pilaris (chicken skin)
• Dental enamel hypoplasia

Question 13

Vitamin A:

- Three symptoms associated with both acute Vitamin A excess and chronic Vitamin A excess

Answer 13

Acute: Drowsiness, irritability , headaches, peeling of the skin
Chronic: Coarse hair, eyebrow hair loss, skin and mucous membrane dryness, bone and joint changes, fractures

Question 14

Most severe symptom associated with Vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency

Answer 14

*Spinocerebrellar ataxia (atrophy of the cerebellum)

Question 15

Vitamin K (phylloquinone): 
- Its important function in ensuring the proper structure of Vitamin K-dependent proteins

Answer 15

Vitamin K participated in the conversion of glutamate residue of these K-dependent proteins to y-carboxylglutamate residues by addition of a carboxyl-group (carboxylation)

Question 16

Vitamin K (phylloquinone): 
- Typical symptoms associated with bleeding if deficient

Answer 16

• ecchymosis
• petechiae
• hematomas
• oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites
  (more on side 98)