Pregnancy and Amniotic Fluid

Question 0

protein that stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone in order to protect the pregnancy

Answer 0

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

Question 1

Four functions of the placenta

Answer 1

1 keeps maternal and fetal circulation systems separate
2 nourishes the fetus
3 eliminates fetal waste
4 produces hormones vital to pregnancy

Question 2

protein hormone that has potent growth and lactogenic properties

Answer 2

Placental Lactogen

Question 3

these steroid hormones ensure appropriate development of endometrium, uterine growth, adequate uterine blood supply and preparation of the uterus for labor

Answer 3

estrogens (estradiol, estriol, estrone) and progesterone

Question 4

two functions of amniotic fluid

Answer 4

1 cushions baby against possible injury

2 helps maintain a constant temperature

Question 5

How many days after conception can hCG be detected in the serum?

Answer 5

between 8 and 11 days

Question 6

When does normal doubling time of hCG in early pregnancy occur?

Answer 6

about two days in early pregnancy

Question 7

When do hCG levels peak in a normal pregnancy?

Answer 7

near the end of the first trimester

Question 8

Describe hCG levels and its doubling time in an ectopic pregnancy

Answer 8

hCG concentration less in ectopic pregnancies and the doubling time is nearly always greater than 2 days

Question 9

serum _______ concentrations are often low in mothers with abnormal pregnancies

Answer 9

progesterone

Question 10

Symptoms of pre-eclampsia

Answer 10

hypertension, proteinuria, and edema

Question 11

symptoms of eclampsia

Answer 11

convulsions, rapid and sustained rise in blood pressure, DIC, and intravascular deposition of fibrin with subsequent end-organ damage

Question 12

What does HELLP stand for?

Answer 12

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet counts

Question 13

Symptoms of HELLP Syndrome

Answer 13

thrombocytopenia, DIC, epigastric pain, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, LD/ALT/AST elevated; treatment is delivery

Question 14

Chromosomal abnormality present in Down Syndrome

Answer 14

3 copies of chromosome 21 (Trisomy 21)

Question 15

Chromosomal abnormality in Edward’s Syndrome

Answer 15

Extra copy of chromosome 18 (Trisomy 18)

Question 16

Four tests in the “quad marker screen”

Answer 16

Alpha-Feto protein, hCG, unconjugated estriol (E3), and Dimeric Inhibin A (InA)

Question 17

Relative estriol, hCG, and AFP quad marker results associated with Down Syndrome

Answer 17

Estriol- 25% lower; hCG- 2x higher; AFP- 25% Lower; Inhibin A- Lower

Question 18

Relative estriol, hCG, and AFP quad marker results in Trisomy 18

Answer 18

all are lower

Question 19

Anomaly detected via the detection of increased maternal serum AFP

Answer 19

Neural tube defects

Question 20

Effect of surfactant in the lungs in fetal lung prematurity

Answer 20

Surfactant permits gaseous exchange; lack of surfactant produces neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Question 21

Reduces surface tension in the alveoli of the lungs

Answer 21

Surfactant

Question 22

Without surfactant at the alveolar lining-air interface what happens to alveoli?

Answer 22

The alveoli would collapse with each inspiration before oxygen/carbon dioxide exhange can occur

Question 23

Two screening tests for fetal lung maturity

Answer 23

FLM Test (Fetal Lung Maturity Test) and Lamellar Body Count

Question 24

Two major surfactants in the human lung

Answer 24

Phospholipids: Lecithin (L) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)

Question 25

Where are Lecithin and PG stored?

Answer 25

In lamellar bodies

Question 26

Risk of newborns that will have RDS according to FLM Test

Answer 26

if the amniotic fluid L/S ratio is <2%, 20-25% of newborns will have RDS

Question 27

These are about the same size as platelets and can be counted using standard hematology analyzer

Answer 27

Lamellar bodies

Question 28

A lamellar body count of >_________/mL in amniotic fluid is considered mature

Answer 28

60,000

Question 29

This test is an indirect measurement of the bilirubin concentration in the amniotic fluid where the bilirubin has a max absorbance at 450nm; used as a marker of the severity of fetal hemolysis (HDN)

Answer 29

Delta A450 Test