Theories of personality (TOP) Flashcards
- originated from the latin word “persona” referred to as the theoretical masks. Worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas
- no single definition
- (Feist & Feist 2018) —— is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics
Personality
- it contributes to individual differences in behaviour
- referred to as the consistency of behavior over time
- stability of behavior across situtaitons
- it can be uniquecommon or shared with the entire species but its pattern is unique and different from each individual
Traits
- these areunique qualities of a person which includes attributes such as temperement, physique, or intelligence
- physiological feature of an individual
Characteristics
- tool used to generate research and organized observations but neither truth nor fact has a place in scientific terminology
- it is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypothesis
Theory
- realistic expectation whci is something that we believe is true
- act of faith which does not have empirical evidence to support
- a thing that is accepted as true or certain even w/out proof
Assumption
these dimensions of concept of humanity are the basis of how the theories are grouped into five major perspectives in psychology
Concept of humanity
- people’s behavior determined by forces or motives which they have no control such as their past experiences
- is about people’s ability to be what they wish to be
DETERMINISM VS. FREEWILL
- people are doomed to live miserable, conflicted, and troubled lives
- people change and grow into psychologically healthy, happy, and fully functioning individual
PESSIMISM V2. OPTIMISM
- holds that behavior is a function of past experience
- explanation of behavior in terms of future goals and purposes
CAUSALITY VS. TELEOLOGY
- people are ordinarily aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it
- forces impinge on people and drive them to act w/out awareness
CONSCIOUS VS. UNCONSCIOUS
- a personal characteristic or trait is a result of heredity
- people’s behavior are environmentally determined and shaped by social relationship
BIOLOGICAL VS. SOCIAL INFLUENCES
- study of personality should focus on individual’s uniqueness
- study of personality should focus on how people’s behaviors are similar with each other
UNIQUENESS VS. SIMILARITIES
- early years of life most shape personality
- unconscious concepts are most important
- neurosis results from unhealthy moving toward, against, and away
KEY FIGURES:
- Sigmund Freud
- Alfred Adler
- Carl Jung
- Melanie Klein
- Karen Horney
- Erik Erickson
- Erich Fromm
(Perspectives in Psychology) PSYCHODYNAMIC
- “conditions create behavior”
- learning occurs through associations and consequences of behaviors
- learning also occurs through succeeding of failing or watching other people succeed or fail
KEY FIGURES:
- Albert Bandura
- B.F Skinner
- Ivan Pavlov
(Perspectives in Psychology) BEHAVIORAL, SOCIAL LEARNING & SOCIAL COGNITIVE
- people strive to live a meaningful and a happy life
- people are motivated by growth and psychological health
- personality is shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety, and awareness of death
KEY FIGURES:
- Abraham Maslow
- Carl Rogers
- Rollo May
- Victor Frankl
(Perspectives in Psychology) HUMANISTIC & EXISTENTIAL
- people are predisposed to behave in a unique and consistent ways; they have unique traits
- there are different numbers of dimensions in human personality
KEY FIGURES:
- Gordon Allport
- Hans Eysenck
- McCrae &Costa
(Perspectives in Psychology) DISPOSITIONAL
- personality develops as an interaction between internal and external choices
- the cognitive contructs we develop to perceive the world and others mold our personalities
KEY FIGURES:
- George Kelly
- Jean Piaget
(Perspectives in Psychology) COGNITIVE
