theories of evolution

Question 1

define evolution

Answer 1

evolution can be defined as the change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation over a long period of time .

Question 2

in what year did Lamark present his hypothesis ?

Answer 2

1809

Question 3

what are the 2 principals in Lamark’s hypothesis.

Answer 3

1. use and disuse
   2.inheritence of acquired characteristics .

Question 4

explain the 2 parts of Lamarck’s theory

Answer 4

1.use and disuse - the body parts which are used more become stronger and larger while other deteriorate.
2. inheritance of acquired characteristics - the adaptations are passed on the the other generation .

Question 5

what are the 2 phenomenons in the Dawin - Wallace theory

Answer 5

1.the populations of a species vary among their inherited characteristics.
2.each species produce more offsprings than their environment can accommodate .

Question 6

what are the favorable characteristics for survival

Answer 6

1.defence
2.tolarating physical stress conditions .
3.obtining food
4.resistance against diseases
5.fertilizing probability .
6.No. of offsprings produced .

Question 7

what are the 4 steps of natural selection ?

Answer 7

1.over production
2.variation
3.competition and the survival of the fittest.
4.natural selections of favorable traits .

Question 8

explain Neo - Darwinism
(this theory is currently accepted. )

Answer 8

it is a integration of Davin’s theory of natural selection , Mendelian genetics knowledge and knowledge of population genetics .

Question 9

when was the solar system formed

Answer 9

4.6 billion years ago

Question 10

what were the gases in the world in the beginning

Answer 10

1.nitrigion oxides
2.carbon dioxide
3.methene
4.hydrygon
5.little oxygen

Question 10

what made life possible

Answer 10

the formation of self replicating organic molecules

Question 11

1.when was life on earth formed
2.how was it discoverd

Answer 11

1.3.5 billion years ago
2.from the fossils of microorganisms

Question 12

what did Haldene explain ?

Answer 12

that the earth was a soup of organic molecules called the primitive soup
. another source of the organic molecules are meteoroids .
RNA accumulated into lipid bound vesicles .- this was called a proto cell .

Question 13

natural selction has produced the 1st living cells through main stages.

Answer 13

1.abiotic synthesis - the formation is small organic molecules such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases from inorganic molecules .

2.the polymerization of the above particles , to form organic macromolecules .

3. organic macromolecuel were packed into membranes that and produced the proto cell

4.neuclic acids gained self replication abilities .

Question 14

when was the 1st photosynthetic organism evolve ?

Answer 14

2.7 billion years ago
it is the cyanobacteria

Question 15

when was the 1st eukaryotic organisms evolve

Answer 15

1.8 billion years ago

Question 16

what are the eons

Answer 16

1.Hadean
2.Archaean
3.Proterozoic
4.Pharenazoic

Question 17

what are the eras in the pharanozoic eon

Answer 17

1.Plalaeozoic
2.Mesozioc
3.Cenozoic

Question 18

what happened in the Hadean eon ?

Answer 18

1.orgin of earth

Question 19

what happened in the Archaeaon eon

Answer 19

1.oldest rock on earth
2.oldest cell
3.concentration of O2 increase in air

Question 20

what happened in the proterozoic

Answer 20

1.diverse algea and soft bodied invertebrates appeared .
2.oldest eukaryotic cell fossil

Question 21

what happened in the paleozoic era

Answer 21

1.incease in the diversity of animals

2.increase in marine algea , fungi , plants and animals invade land

3.diversification of vascular plants

4.diversification if boney fishes , tetrapods and insects .

5.the domination of the amphibines

6.1st seed plants

7.extensive forests

8.extintion of many organisms

9.origin of many present day organisms

Question 22

what happened in the Mesozoic era

Answer 22

1.gymnosperms dominated
2.dinosaurs evolved
3.orgin of mammals
4.angiosperms evolved
5.dinosaurs became extinct

Question 23

cenozoic era

Answer 23

1.origin of mammals , birds and polluting incects
2.earliest direct human ansestors
3.orgin of genus Homo
4.apperence of the bipedal human ancestor

Question 24

define classification

Answer 24

classification is arrangement of organisms into groups on the basis of the common characteristics .

Question 25

what is artificial classification ?

Answer 25

the organisms are grouped into pre selcted criterieas .
it is easy to use and is easy to expand
In artificial classification, features such as the presence or absence of locomotive appendages of organisms and habitats etc are considered. It does not depict the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Question 26

what is natural classification

Answer 26

this represents the evolutionary relationships according to phylageny
characteristics used can be morphological , anatomically , cytological or molecular

Question 27

who was the 1st to classify organisms and what was the classification ?

Answer 27

aristotal - he classified organisms as plants and animals . he classifed animals according to locomotion , presence of RBC and reproduction.

Theophrastus classified plants accroding to habits and lifespan

Question 28

what did Carolus Linnaeus do ?

Answer 28

1.introduced binomial nomenclature

2.classifed about 6000 plants into taxa levels
his classification is flowering plants were based on the no. of stamens and styles .

3.he also identified 2 kingdoms as plants and animals .

Question 29

Ernest Haeckel (1866)

Answer 29

1. third kingdom - protista
   2.intoduced taxon - phylum

Question 30

what did Robert H . Whitteker do ?

Answer 30

he introduced the 5 kingdom system according to the nature of cellular organization , unicellular or multicellular and the mode of nutrition
plantea , animalia , protista , fungi , monera

Question 31

what did Carl Woese do ? and in what year
?

Answer 31

he introduced the 6 kingdom and 3 domain store
in 1977.

Question 32

what is abiotic synthesis

Answer 32

it is the production of organic molecues without the involvment of living organisms .

Question 33

what is the hierarchy of taxa

Answer 33

domain - eukarya
kingdom - animalia
phylum - chordata
class - mammalia
order - primates
family - hominidae
genus - homo
species - Homo sapien

Question 34

what are the 5 parts of the basis of the 3 domain classification system

Answer 34

1. sequence of the DNA bases in important genes
2. sequence of the DNA bases in mitochondria and chloroplast .
   3.sequence of the bases of ribosomal RNA
   4.sequence of the amino acids in common proteins.
   5.molecular structure of cellular components

Question 35

define biological species

Answer 35

species is a group of organisms that share similar characteristics that are able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offsprings .

Question 36

define morphological species

Answer 36

using morphological characteristics such as body shape of distinguish species .

Question 37

define eocological species

Answer 37

defines species in terms of it’s ecological niche and how the members of the species interact with the living and non living components of its environment

Question 38

phylogenetic species

Answer 38

defines species as the smallest group of organisms that share a common ancestor