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bio molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many elements are needed for humans

A

25

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2
Q

how many elements are needed for plants

A

17

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3
Q

what are the major elements and what is it ‘s percentage

A

C, H , N, O
96%

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4
Q

what makes water vital for the living

A

it is an inorganic molecuel
1.it being a vital constituent in the living
2.it being an important biological mediem

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5
Q

explain the chemical nature of the water molecule

A
  1. small -
    2.angular - 104.5
    3.polar - is the uneven charge distribution in the molecule

hydrygon bonds are a vital part in maintaining the propoties of water . - it is the weak attractions between the slightly negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and slightly positive H atom .

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6
Q

list the physical properties of water and explain it .

A

1.cohesive behaviour
- attractions between water molecules due to hydrygon bonds
- it helps in transportation in the xylem
-water has a high surface tension - the upper molecules attract bottom molecules - help the water skater walk on water .

  1. expansion upon freezing
    - when temperature reached 4 degrees C it will strat crystals .

3.ability to medierate temperature
- high heat of vaporization - the ability to realise large amounts of heat with min loss of water .
- high specific heat capacity - ability to absorb and realse heat with minimum core temperature change. - it acts as a thermal buffer

4.versitility as a solvent
- ionic - NaCl
- polar - glucose
- ionic polar - lysosomes
this features depends on the polarity .

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7
Q

what is the most abundent organic molecule

A

carbohydrates

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8
Q

what is the general formular for carbs

A

CX(H2O)y

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9
Q

classification of mono accoding to no of carbon atoms and the examples

A

3c - triose - glycereldyde
4c - tetrose - erthyrose
5c- pentose - ribulose , ribose , deoxyribose
6c- hexose - glucose , fructose , galactose
7c - heptose

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10
Q

classification of mono accroding to the carbonyl group

A

ketose - fructose
aldose - glucose , galactose

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11
Q

What is the general formula for mono

A

(CH2O)n

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12
Q

what are the 3 major functions of mono

A

1.as an energy source
2.components of neulcic acids
3.building blocks for disaccarides

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13
Q

what is the bond type in carbohydrates ?

A

glycosidic bond

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14
Q

what is the monomor of the following
1. maltose
2.sucrose
3.lactose
write the equation

A

1.glucose
2.fructose
3.galactose

the monomor always binds with glucose.
this produce a water molecule .

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15
Q

what is the non reducing sugar in both mono and di

A

sucrose

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16
Q

what are the 3 major functions of di

A

1.as an energy source
2.translocation in phloem
3.storage sugar in milk

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17
Q

3 major characteristics of poly

A

1.not sweet
2.non reducing
3.insoluble in water
they are macromolecules and bipolymers .
A biopolymer is a specific type of macromolecule produced by living organism .
Biopolymers have a specific biological function .

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18
Q

classify poly according to the function . name their monomer and function too.

A

storage
1. starch - glucose - plant and chlorophyte storage
2.glycogen - glucose - animel storage
3.inulin - fructose - dahalia tubers

structural
1.cellulose - glucose - cell wall of plants and cholorophytes
2.hemicellulose - hexose and pentose - cell wall
3.pectin - galacturonic acid - middle lamella of plant tissues
4.chitin - glycosamine - fungel cell wall , exoskeleton of arthropods .

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19
Q

classify poly according to it’s architecture .

A

linear - cellulose , amylose
branched - glycogen , amylopectin , hemicellulose .

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20
Q

true or false
1.lipids are hydrophobic
2.they are macromolecules and biopolymers
3.their H:O ratio is 2:1

A

1.true - the fatty acids contribute to this nature .
2.false
3.false - there are more H that O , even though not 2:1 .

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids

A

fats , phospolipids , steroids

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22
Q

how many C atoms are present in a glycorol molecule

A

3

22
Q

classify fats acording to the nature of the hydrocarbon chains

A

1.saturated fats - the hydrocarbon chain has not double bonds . this is usualy animel fats- butter . solid at room temp.

2.unsaturated fats - the hydrocarbon chain has one or more double bonds . this is usualy plant fats - vejetable oil . liqued at room temp.

this is divided into cis and transunsaturated fats according to the nature of the double bonds

23
Q

overconsumption of what will lead to atherosclerosis ?

A

trans unsaturated and saturated fats .

24
Q

how many fatty acids bind to a glycerol molecule to form a triacylaglycerol

A

3

24
Q

what is the bond type by which fatty acids bind to the glycerol ?

A

ester bonds

25
Q

what is the polar molecule that bind to the phospolid molecule ?

A

choline molecule

25
Q

what is the compostion of molecules in a phospolipid ?

A

1.2 fatty acid molecules.
2.1 glycerol molecuel
3.1 choline molecule
4.one phospate group

25
Q

what is the charge of the phospolipid molecule ?and what gives it that charge ?

A

the molecuel is negetivly charged
the phospate group.

26
Q

what is the monomor of fats ?

A

triglycerol - 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules .

26
Q

what are the major functions of lipids

A

1.energy source - fats and oils
2.to mantain the fludity of the plasma membrane - phospolipids and cholesterol .
3.as signalling molecules - hormones
4.components of the cell membrane - phospolipids and cholesterol .

27
Q

what gives lipids it’s hydrophobic nature ?

A

the long hydocarbon chains

28
Q

list down the importences of the physical and chemical propoties of water .

A

1.being small - can reach small locations of the body
2.being polar - can dissolve many substences .
3.cohesive and adhesive bonds - transpotation in the xylem and pholem .
4.expansion upon freezing - when lakes freeze during the winter in polar regions it keeps the water layer underneath the ice layer liqued and warm , this helps maintain life .
5.ability to moderate temp. - helps in sweating , transpiration , and acts as a thermal buffer .

29
Q

what is the monomor of protienes

A

amino acids

29
Q

how many amino acids are present

A

20

30
Q

what gives the amino acid molecule it’s amphoteric nature ?

A

the carboxyl group is acidic and the amino group is alkiline

30
Q

what amino acid has a symetric carbon ?

A

glyceine

30
Q

what is the reaction of the binding of 2 amio acids and what bond is formed ?

A

condensation , peptide bond

31
Q

what are the levels of structures of protines ?

A

primery
secondary
tertiary
queaternary

32
Q

define primery structures

A

the amino acids are arranged linearly joined by peptide bonds

33
Q

what is the elemental composition of the bio molecuels

A

carbs - C HO
lipids - C H O
protines - C H O N S
neuclic acids - C H O N P

34
Q

define the primery structure of protines

A

a long chain of linearly arranged amino acids joined by peptide bonds .

34
Q

what are the sulpher containing amino acids ?

A

cysteine
methionine

35
Q

how is the secondary structure of protines formed ?

A

the primery structure is coiled and folded by intra molecular bonds between the H of the amino group and the O of the carboxyl group

35
Q

what are the examples are secondary protienes ?

A

alpha helix - keretin
beta pleated sheet - spiders silk fiber

36
Q

how is the tertiary structure of protines formed ?

A

the secondary structure coils and fold extensivly forming a compact , unique , functional and 3d shape amino acid by bonds

36
Q

what are the expamples for tertiary protines ?

A

most of the enzymes , myoglobin , albumin

37
Q

what are the types of bonds in tertiary protiens ?

A

H bonds
van der waal bonds
disuphide bonds - strong
ionic bonds

38
Q

how are quaternary protiens formed ?

A

several poly peptide chains bind by inta and inter molecular bonds and form one functional protien . one peptide chain is a sub unit .

39
Q

explamples for quaternay protines

A

heamoglobin , collegen

39
Q

define the denaturation of protines

A

the loss of the specific 3d shape of an amino acid due to the alteration of the weak chemical bonds and interactions .

39
Q

what are the factors affecting the denaturation of protiens ?

A

1.very high tempratures and high radiation
2.organic solvents and detergents
3.strong acids and alkilines and salts
4.heavy metals

40
Q

what are the examples for these protines and their functions .
1.catalytic -1
2.structural -2
3.storage -2
4.transport -2
5.hormones - 2
6.motor /contactile - 2
7.defensive - 1

A

1.pepsin , amylase - catalzy bio chemical reactions
2.keretin - prevent dessication
collegen - provide strenght and support
3.caesin - strage protine in milk
ovalbumin - storage protine in eggs
4.serum albumin - transport fatty acids
hemoglobin - transport O2 and CO2
5.insulin - glucose –> glycogen
glucagon - glycogen –> glucose
6.actin and myosin - contraction of muscell fibers
7.immunoglobulin - neutralze foringe bodies in the organism .

Biology (6 decks)

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