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orgenelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

when was the fluid mosaic model introduced and by whom ?

A

1972 , SInger and Nicholson

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2
Q

what is the plasma membrane mainly made out of ?

A

phospolipids and protines

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3
Q

what is the composition of the plasma membrane of a animal cell and what are their functions ?

A

phospolipds - fluid nature
protien - mosaic nature
glycoproteins and glycolipids
cholesterol - rigidity and stability

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4
Q

what are the funtions of the plasma membrane ? (6)

A
  1. seperate the extracellular components from the intercellular components
    2.protine molecules act as receptors for hormones , neurotransmitters and imunne protines.
    3.regulate the exchange of substances needed for survival
    4.cell recognition
    5.protines act as enzymes - microvillus in the epithelium
    5.protines attach to the cytoskeleton to provide shape for the cell .
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5
Q

what is the thickness of the plasma membrane ?

A

7nm

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6
Q

what is the diameter of the nucleus ?

A

5micro meters

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7
Q

what is the distence between the inner and outer membrane of the neucler envelope ?

A

20 - 40 nm

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8
Q

what is the function of nuclear pores

A

regulate the entry and exit of substences

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9
Q

what is the nuclear matrix and lamina made out of

A

protine filaments

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nucleus ?(5)

A

1.control all cellular activites
2.synthesis DNA to produce new neucli
3.produce mRNA and tRNA from the data in the DNA
4.produce rRNA for protine synthesis
5.transport and store genetic information .

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11
Q

define the endoplasmic reticulam

A

the network of tubular of flattned sacs that separate the ER luman from the cytosol .

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12
Q

define the rough ER

A

the network of flattned sacs of ribosome attached surface .

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13
Q

name 5 funtions of the RER

A

1.synthesis phospolipids
2.produce glycoprotines
3.produce transport vessicals
4.transport protines produced by the membrane bound ribosomes
5.memnrane factory .

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14
Q

name 5 funtions of the SER

A

1.synthesis lipids - oils . phospolipds , steroids
2.detoxification
3.store Ca2+ ions
4.metabolism of carbohydrates
5.produce transport vessicals

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15
Q

funtion of the cis face of the golgi bodies

A

recieve vessicals from the ER

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16
Q

function of the trans face

A

produce secretory vessicals

17
Q

what are the funtions of the golgi bodies(3)

A

1.collecting , modifying , packaging and distribution of the lipids and protines
2.produce lysosomes
3.produce cellulose and non cellulose cell wall components - pectin

18
Q

what enzyme does the lysosomes contain what is the function ?

A

hydrolytic enzyme - catalyze the breakdown of carbs , protines , lipids and neuclic acids

19
Q

what are the funtions of the lysosomes (4)

A

1.digest food particals from phagocytosis
2.transport residue material from exocytosis
3.digest worn out orgenelles
4.autolyis causing cell death

20
Q

what enzyme does the perexiosme contain and what is it’s function

A

oxidizing enzyme - breakdown H2O2(hydrygon peroxide)

21
Q

what are the functions of the perixosome (2)

A

1.photorespiration in plants
2.detexification of H2O2

22
Q

what is a glyoxisome ? and what is it’s function

A

specialized type of perexisome in fat storing plant tissues .
it converts fatty acids into sugars

23
Q

what does the mitocondira matrix contain ?

A

70 s ribosomes , circular DNA , phospate granuals and enzymes for the krebs cycle nad oxidative phosphorylation

24
Q

what are the 4 funtions of the cytoskeleton ?

A

1.provide strength to the cytoplasm
2.anchorage of orgenelles and cytosolic enzymes to the cell
3.maintain shape of the cell - animal cell
4.movement of cytoplasm , cytoplasmic streaming , positioned organelle and chromosomes when needed .

24
Q

what are the functions of the cell wall

A

1.hold the plants aginst gravity
2.component of the appoplant pathway
3.helps the development of turgididy when water enters the cell
4.prevents bursting during tugidity
5. limit and control cell growth
6.give shape to the cell
7.protection and support

25
Q

explain the cell wall

A

primary and secondary walls
Young cells fi rst secrete primary cell wall: it is the wall laid down during plant cell division

Just outside the primary wall there is a thin layer (middle lamella) which is rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins (magnesium and calcium pectate).Middle lamella glues adjacent cells together.

Primary cell wall is permeable, relatively thin, fl exible, composed mainly of cellulose

Secondary cell wall lies between plasma membrane and primary cell wall
impermeable substances such as lignin and suberine
Lignin cement anchors cellulose fi bers together providing hard and rigid matrix, giving the cell wall an extra support.

26
Q

explain the choloroplast

A

It is a biconvex lens shaped
s. The outer and inner membranes are smooth and are separated by a very narrow intermembrane space

flattened and interconnected sacks called thylakoids.
Thylakoids contain complexes called photosystems which are made up of photosynthetic pigments.
Thylakoids stacked to form a granum. The grana are interconnected by inter granal lamellae.

27
Q

what are the funtions of cell junction?

A

cytoplasms are connected
chemical enviroment of the cells are connected .

28
Q

what are the 3 types of cell junctions are what are the functions ?

A

tight junctions - the plasma mebranes are connected tightly , to prevent the leaking of intercellular fluids thorough the intermembranel space .
eg - skin epithelium

desmosomes / achor junctions - mechanically attach the cytoskeletons of adjoing cells by intermediete filaments
eg- muscel tissues

gap junctions / communicating junctions - cytoplasmic channels joining adjoining cells to transport sugars , ions and water
ag - heart muscel and animal embryo

29
Q

define plasmodesmata

A

microscopic chanelles filled with cytoplasm that run through plant cells .

30
Q

what are the main components of the ECM?

A

glycoprotiens and other carbs contaning molecules secreted by cells .

31
Q

what is the most abundent glycoprotine in the ECM

A

collegen

32
Q

name 3 functions of the ECM

A

1.forms a protective layer over the cell surface
2.effects the cell beheaviour by involving in both mechanical and chemical signelling
3.links the extra cellular matirix and the cytoskeleton .

Biology (6 decks)

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