theories of emotions Flashcards
affect
generic term for range of preferences, evals, moods, and emotions
preferences
relatively mild subjective reactions, pleasant or unpleasant, directed towards objecte
moods
pos or neg affects w/o spec. target, but w some duration
emotions
complex assort of affects, can be intense w physical manifestations
xy axis of emotions
unpleasant–pleasant (valence), arousal–deactivation (activation, deact.).
high arousal- high neg or pos affect
plutchik emotions
8 basic emotions- anger, anticipation, joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust. In a circle, combos of them create other emotions. Stronger or weaker (eg.; ecstasy-joy-serenity)
emotions very hard to understand- lots of diff research w diff results
prototype view of emotions
feelings fit more of less to the prototype of a certain emotion
social constructionist view
–
theories of how emotions come out/come from
james-lange theory
something happens, body responds, emotion occurs.
cannon bard theory
something happens (arousal), body reacts and emotion occurs concurrently
they arg that emotions can happen immed. while physical aspects follow more slowly, and ppl can have physical feelings w/o emotion (heart racing from running, but no fear)
schnachter singer two factor theory
arousal, body reacts and bc event is consciously percieved, cognitive label occurs (“im scared”), emotion
lazarus cog mediational theory
arousal, appraisal (cog- how should i feel depending on context?), emotion
facial feedback theory- no cognition, brain responds to face. Could not be replicated though.
facial feedback theory
no cognition, brain responds to face. Could not be replicated though, small effects, unclear conditions under which effect occurs
excitation transfer- arousal and attribution
love on a bridge (dutton and aron)
two diff bridges, one scary another not scary. participants approached on bridge by attractive woman. in scary bridge sitch, parts wrote sig more sexual stories, and 50% called her
in safe bridge, sig less sexual stories, and 13% called experimenter
BUT NOT RANDOMIZED so prob due to thrill seekers vs non
interruption theory and emotion
arousal plus mind theory (mandler)
interruptions lead to arousal,
if the cons. of the int. furthers your goals it leads to pos emotions, if it hinders goals, leads to neg emotions
attributional theory
weiner
internal vs external locus (caused externally or interally?)
controllable?
durable?
simulation heuristic
more easy to imagine other outcomes (a fluke incident) leads to stronger emotions
norm theory
abnormal incidents leads to stronger emotions
emotions as managers of goals
emot. as alarm signals- alert ppl to imp. goals
they lead to self-focused attention (is everything going well on the path i want to go on?)
appraisal theory
primary (primitave) and secondary (problem or emotion focused coping)
fear related cognitions: w fear, there’s two cognitions that are central to your fear: 1) what are the chances of risk? 2) what is the expected negative impact?
-these together inform level of fear
-don’t always have full control of our emotions though, we may think about it too much or
affective forecasting
ppl tend to overestiamte the impact of neg events
durability bias: ppl tend to overestimate impact of past events
ppl fail to take acct of their psych. immune system (don’t think they’re as resilient as they actually are)
affect influences cognition
mood and helping; good mood–> more helping (unless it’ll ruin your mood)
mood leads to diff focus of attention; focus on self leads to helping while focus on other doesnt
separate process view
focus on rewards leads to helping, guilt/obligation emphasis doesnt
mood maintenence- if helping supports mood youll help, if not you wont
negative state relief hyp
unhappy ppl help when it relieves their mood
mood congruent memory
if were in a bad mood, we think abt bad mems, if good, good mems
explanations
network model: spreadin activation (pos things activated, other pos things activated)
mood as information (judgment- how do i feel about it? if i feel good, everything must be positive)
affection infusion model (AIM)
pos mood- heuristic judgments; we go with simplified things which are generally more pos
neg mood- more controlled, so we dig into things thought wise and get more negative memory)
mood and judgment
happy ppl like target objects more
mood and decision making style
happy- flexible, quick
sad, more careful ,thoughtful, details
mood and persuasion
pos mood increases compliance
mood and wellbeing
being happy improves health, friendships, marriage, income, and performance
separate systems view
zajonc
affective reactions are: primary, inescapable, irrevocable, diff to verbalize, dont need cognitions
objections: cog doesnt need to be conscious, can be rap and automatic
