chap 4, representation in memory

Question 1

associative networks

Answer 1

the more links/associations to other concepts to any given concept in memory, the easier it is to remember (bc there’s many alt routes to locate it)

Question 2

proposition

Answer 2

consists of nodes and links; nodes being ideas (noun, verb, adjective) and each link being the relation between the ideas
eg: the woman stands in the corner, the man knocks down the woman]
you recall related facts together using a node-link model, so by starting w the woman herself, you start to remember her attributes rather than the man’s

Question 3

strengthening recall

Answer 3

activating ideas together (ie, woman and elderly) strengthens links
the more separate linkages to a given idea, the more likely it is to be recalled- more retrieval routes

Question 4

associative memory model

Answer 4

long term
intermediate recent and remote longer-term mem
includes events and factual knowledge
propositions in node-link structure (the woman stands in the corner)
process: spread activation across alternative retrieval routes
activation strength determines retrieval
implicates hippocampus immediately, cortical consolidation in longer term
MOST INFLUENTIAL MODEL (node link structure- for more info, pg 95)
declarative long term memory is part of this

Question 5

procedural memory model

Answer 5

long term
all kinds of info
if-then productions
process: match, select, execute
current goals and stimuli determine selection and use of procedures
productions implicate basal ganglia loop, goals implicate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
example: if email subject line discusses large cash prize, then: delete w/o opening
becomes AUTOMATIC

Question 6

parallel distributed processing model

Answer 6

long term
all kinds of info
patterns of inhibitory and facilitative connections
process: adjust connection strengths
input patterns and connection weights jointly determine revival

Question 7

embodied memory model

Answer 7

includes top-down expectations (frames)
includes bottom up, sensory info, introspection, and proprioception
simulators that organize related perceptual symbols
process: simulate online in objects presence and offline in object absence
focuses on perception for action

Question 8

PM-1 model

Answer 8

predicts increased attention to impression inconsistent material (bc its surprising, and stays in working mem longer)
anchoring and adjusting prcoess- impression thats updated w each new piece of info, based on avg of 1) cumulative evals of the items so far and 2) the items currently staying in working mem, including the new item

Question 9

person memory model

Answer 9

basic processes create an impression from a targets behavior; interpreating behavior, eval. overall likeability, reviewing behaviors inconstisent w the eval, etc
primacy effect: early info most influences the eval (1st impressions count)
inconsistent material takes few inconsistencies next to a lot of consistency to be noticed, and dont occur in a number of cases- more likely if person expected to have consistent behavior (less likely if group), or if time to think about impression after, cog. load, etc

Question 10

Twofold Retrieval by Associative Pathways (TRAP) model

Answer 10

ppl use distinct retrieval processes, depending on the task. When attempting to recall info, exhaustive strategy used (favors memory for inconsistency), but when trying to remember specific instances to make a frequency judgemnet, heuristic strat. used (favors consistency)

Question 11

Associated Systems Theory

Answer 11

Reps of other ppl form through use of 4 primary mental systems:

1) The visual system
2) The verbal/semantic system
3) Affective system
4) action system

Question 12

implicit memory

Answer 12

the influence of past judgmental processes on current reactions; procedural mem is part of this in a way bc the more a partic. procedure is practiced, the more likely it is to be used again

Question 13

parallel process

Answer 13

everything occuring at once (eg, activating many pathways at the same time)

Question 14

serial process

Answer 14

step by step (eg, encoding, memory retrieval, and then response)

Question 15

parallel distributed processing model (PDP)

Answer 15

each unit represents many different concepts, which are retrieved when the appropriate pattern of activation occurs across all the basic units (pattern represents something like 3, not one unit representing 3)
-patterns arent stored, but the strength of connections among basic units are stored, so patterns can be recreated

Question 16

connectionist model of impression formation

Answer 16

the model adds consolidation in long term mem: basically, external inputs are balanced against internal, and discrepencies from the new short term input adjust the long term links
two prinicples come from the model:
1) set-size effect: the more support ppl have for their perceptions, the more certain they are
2) competition among the links: the successful (accurate) links are strengthened at the expenense of less successful (less accurate) ones

Question 17

perceptual symbols system (pss)

Answer 17

encode experience, both internal and external

simulator that first registers then later recreates perceptual experiences