Self in Social Cog

Question 1

Self concept

Answer 1

mental rep. of the self

Question 2

self schema

Answer 2

cognitive affective structures that respresent the self in a given domain (depends on where you are, sports vs classroom)

Question 3

self esteem

Answer 3

how you percieve yourself, good or bad. Evalutation. Explicit (self report) vs implicit (IAT/valuing letters of own name), culture influences whether you think of yourself as an independent or interdependent self (happy if group succeeds, happy if individual succeeds)

Question 4

implicit influences on implicit self

Answer 4

you like people more when they have your bday, like numbers more of those in your bday, implicit self esteem (name letter effect), more Pauls in St Paul, married ppl same initials

Question 5

behavioral approach and avoidance (guides self regulation; is this safe/good/normal)

Answer 5

behavioral activation system (BAS), encourages behavior, bahavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Question 6

Self discrepency theory (Higgins) (guides self regulation; is this safe/good/normal)

Answer 6

promotion focus (ideal self) im gonna study and get great grades--> BAS --> if you fail, then Depression
prevention focus (ought self) i can't fail and do poorly --> BIS --> if you fail, then anxiety

Question 7

self efficacy (guides self regulation; is this safe/good/normal)

Answer 7

can i do it, am in control of my own efforts and have the ability to do things (personal control), can i control my surroundings (situational control)

Question 8

application of regulatory focus

Answer 8

promotion focus: facts on juice saying itll lead to positive additive effects
preventative focus: juice facts saying itll prevent bad effects
results in how ppl value the product: if they personally have a promotion frame, they’ll value the prom. focus juice, if they personally have a prevention focus, they’ll value the prev. juice

Question 9

motiviations for self regulation: need for accuracy

Answer 9

typically when one’s standing is threatend (they want to kick me out? why? so you can know what to do about it_

Question 10

motiviations for self regulation: need for consistency

Answer 10

typically when self perceptions are challenged (socially, consistency is very important- hmm maybe i’m not as smart as i thought, i need to be more consistent)

Question 11

motiviations for self regulation: need for improvement

Answer 11

typically for promotion focus, leads to upward comparison (oh they’re really good in these ways, i need to do better in the ways they’re better)

Question 12

motiviations for self regulation: self enhancement

Answer 12

typically when you're under threat (oh it feels bad when i'm in this scary threatful situation, must affirm myself (but i AM good in this way)), 
self evaluation maintenence (when someone close excels: you either avoid the person/info to maintain your self eval., or BIRG [basking in reflected glory- someone in MY class got all straight As!]. 
Terror management theory: biggest fear is our own death, how do we cope w that? might just ignore, or enhance self esteem- leads to positive illusions about self and outside, and downward comparison

Question 13

Self as a reference point : self referencing

Answer 13

More depth of processing of self, compared to others, simulation theory (inferring mental states of others by imagining they were you- what’s going on with them? hmm this is what i would do/feel in their situation, so that’s what’s going on w them)

Question 14

Self as a reference point : social projection

Answer 14

false consensus (you may assume the group is skewed closer to your experiences, so when asked, you tend to make assumptions abt the group that are similar to you)
others share our weaknesses, not our strengths

Question 15

Biases in self perception: need for accuracy

Answer 15

positivity bias, ego protection, self esteem enhancement, positive illusions (i.e., everyone thinks theyre better compared to others, which is impossible), self serving bias

Question 16

spotlight effect

Answer 16

When you’re in the spotlight, you think you’re more important than you are/more known than you are. Barry manilow tshirt experiment, where the tshirt wearers felt ppl in the room would know who he is)

Question 17

causal attributions

Answer 17

how ppl infer causal explanations for ppls actions and mental states

Question 18

causal attributions: basic principles ( in children)

Answer 18

causes precede effects, temporal contiguity (closer in time is more important), salient stimuli more important

Question 19

causal attributions: mind perception

Answer 19

generally, ppl are overly enthusiastic when it comes to attribution (give traits and causes to everything; animals, shapes, etc)

Question 20

causal attributions: theory of mind

Question 21

Early attribution theories: theory of common sense psych

Answer 21

ppl look for invariances, stables explanations. Personal and impersonal causation

Question 22

Early attribution theories- correspondence theory

Answer 22

social desirability, social role, situational constraint (often ignored in others- dont think about their situation, but attribute to their traits)

Question 23

Early attribution theories- att. theory or ANOVA model

Answer 23

how you SHOULD do it (normative). Disctinctiveness (strange or normal behavior), consistency (is the behavior typical for the person), and consensus

Question 24

Early attribution theories- emotional lability

Answer 24

unstable in emotions, stress leads to the urge to determine others emotional state (am i the only one whos afraid, or are others?)

Question 25

Early attribution theories- self perception theory

Answer 25

intrinsic (i really want to do this) and extrinsic (i want to do this for the money) motivation. Extrinsic mot. tends to crowd out intrinsic (if underpaid, ppl overemphasize how much they liked it, if overpaid, ppl underemphasize how much they liked it/more likely to drop out of a questionnaire)

Question 26

Early attribution theories- attributional model

Answer 26

stability- the more stable the behavior, the more you att. to traits, locus (internal or external), if you’re in control its traits, if not its situation, controlability- is there anything in the sitch that controls you

Question 27

attribution bias

Answer 27

Fundamental attribution error, actor observer effect (same as fund. att, but also over att. of own behaviors to sitch and not traits), self serving att bias (credit for success denying resp. for failure), seld centered bias (taking more than ones share of the credit for a jointly produced outcome), naive realism (i see it as it is, whoever doesnt is biased)

Question 28

attribution of blame- just world hypothesis

Answer 28

Just world hypothesis: Ppl tend to believe the world is just
“you got it coming, you reap what you sow- things dont just happen there’s a reason”
ppl need to believe in a just world to maintain their well being
when someone struck by misfortune, ppl maintain belief, by blaming the victim (resolving cognitive dissonance)
shock paradigm experiments: observers were upset by the confrontation w the suffering and thus derogated the victims, espeically when the suffering was more severe
found much evidence for this affect- explanations; huilt reduction, discomfort reduction
WHEN THIS HAPPENS- our own wellbeing increases, while the victim’s decreases (but that’s the case whether theres internal or external attributions of the victim)