chapter 11: stereotyping; cognition and bias Flashcards
Blatant stereotypes
Rare, about 10% of pop in western democracies.
Can result from conflict over scarce resources.
Realistic group conflict
conflict resulting from fighting over resources, like power, money, land, prestige etc. Results in group biases.
Social identity theory
all interactions, even between 2 ppl, can be either interpersonal or intergroup. Ppl seek a positive soc. identity to maintain self esteem (this turned out to be false tho- discrim. only increases state self esteem, not trait self esteem) Emphasize pos. aspects of your group.
Group categorization increases percieved between-category diffs (we’re diff from them) and within diffs (they’re all alike, and in some ways we are too[if under threat]).
minimal group paradigm
base conditions for experience of being in a group
Self categorization theory
extended SIT, without the self esteem claiims which were false. Comparitive fit; self cat. depends on context.
optimal distinctiveness theory
ppl balance individuation w social identity to create a satisfying identity
ingroup favoritism
ppl would rather increase the relative diffs between ingroup and outgroup then achieve better objective outcomes (rather give themselves 7 and them 1, then both 15). Increases under conflict or threat.
Oxytocin facilicates it, and outgroup hostility.
Increases for those whose identity is under threat (minorities).
Largely conscious and overt, not automatic
social dominance theory
group hierarchies are universal and adaptive in soceities beyond hunter gatherer. stable hierarchies regulate pointless conflict.
social dominance orientation
high SDO predicts ingroup fav., among both powerful and powerless (if they view hierarchy as legit), tend to choose careers that reinforce hierarchy. Increases prej. Correlates w a competitive, dog eat dog worldview (ppl must look out for themselves).
right wing authoritariansim
percieved threat to cherished values. Traditional values, obeying leaders. Intense ingroup ident. Emphasize personal responsibility, punishing (aids, abortion, homelessness, etc)
terror management theory
terror about ones own mortality. mortality salience makes ppl cherish worldviews that will outlive them.
system justification theory
both advtanged and disadvantaged justify their position in hierarhcy, mainly when they can’t change the sitch.
multiculturism
implies biological essence, endorse groups as essentially diff and urge organizations to value those diffs. In contrast, colorblind approach treats everyone the same.
infrahumanization
less than human. Secondary emotions (regret, pride) reserved for ingroup.
dehumanization
minimize humanity of others. two major forms-
1, ppl treat others as animals, w/o uniquely human culture, morality, logic, etc.
2. treat others as mechanistic objects, denying them typical human nature(warmth, depth, agency).
category confusions
automatic, forget specifics about ppl who are outgroups (categorized).
category activation, application, cognitive load
activition conditionally automatic, depending on goals/context. Once active, stereotypes asorb easier. Bc stereotypes are cognitively efficient, they’re employed more when cog. capacity is under load.
reducing stereotypes w motivated control
practice, perspective taking, guilt, and self focus can reduce stereotyping.
ambiguous stereotyping
ppl rely on ambiguous info to confirm their expectancies (white ppl primed w black acting more hostile exp.)
subjective uncertainty reduction
ingroup norms reduce uncertainty
ambivalent stereotyping
only mentioning the positive aspect, but implying the negative
stereotype content model
two questions asked about unfamiliar group: 1st, friend or foe? 2nd, able or unable?
Warmth vs competence. groups are on diff places on a graph; high warmth
attribtional ambiguity
targets unsure if negative comments directed at them individually or at their group. expectations of disc. can lead to negative circle, but can also reflect reality. also attributing comments to disc. can make you an outcast in a group
collective self esteem
ones private regard for ones group, and ones feelings of worth as a group member.
closely correlated to wellbeing.
since its unhealthy to base self esteem on external sources, its more adaptive to rely on private regard for ones identity
perceiving discrimination
ask-answer-announce
ask oneself- has disc. occured?
answer the q; might differ depending on protection of ones self esteem, amount of harm, etc
announce- decide whether to; may do more harm than good
disc. effects for majority members
monitering prej. depletes majority members cog. executive functioning. also, low prej. majority members may be so concerned with appearing prej. that they choke under pressure
