chapter 11: stereotyping; cognition and bias

Question 1

Blatant stereotypes

Answer 1

Rare, about 10% of pop in western democracies.

Can result from conflict over scarce resources.

Question 2

Realistic group conflict

Answer 2

conflict resulting from fighting over resources, like power, money, land, prestige etc. Results in group biases.

Question 3

Social identity theory

Answer 3

all interactions, even between 2 ppl, can be either interpersonal or intergroup. Ppl seek a positive soc. identity to maintain self esteem (this turned out to be false tho- discrim. only increases state self esteem, not trait self esteem) Emphasize pos. aspects of your group.
Group categorization increases percieved between-category diffs (we’re diff from them) and within diffs (they’re all alike, and in some ways we are too[if under threat]).

Question 4

minimal group paradigm

Answer 4

base conditions for experience of being in a group

Question 5

Self categorization theory

Answer 5

extended SIT, without the self esteem claiims which were false. Comparitive fit; self cat. depends on context.

Question 6

optimal distinctiveness theory

Answer 6

ppl balance individuation w social identity to create a satisfying identity

Question 7

ingroup favoritism

Answer 7

ppl would rather increase the relative diffs between ingroup and outgroup then achieve better objective outcomes (rather give themselves 7 and them 1, then both 15). Increases under conflict or threat.
Oxytocin facilicates it, and outgroup hostility.
Increases for those whose identity is under threat (minorities).
Largely conscious and overt, not automatic

Question 8

social dominance theory

Answer 8

group hierarchies are universal and adaptive in soceities beyond hunter gatherer. stable hierarchies regulate pointless conflict.

Question 9

social dominance orientation

Answer 9

high SDO predicts ingroup fav., among both powerful and powerless (if they view hierarchy as legit), tend to choose careers that reinforce hierarchy. Increases prej. Correlates w a competitive, dog eat dog worldview (ppl must look out for themselves).

Question 10

right wing authoritariansim

Answer 10

percieved threat to cherished values. Traditional values, obeying leaders. Intense ingroup ident. Emphasize personal responsibility, punishing (aids, abortion, homelessness, etc)

Question 11

terror management theory

Answer 11

terror about ones own mortality. mortality salience makes ppl cherish worldviews that will outlive them.

Question 12

system justification theory

Answer 12

both advtanged and disadvantaged justify their position in hierarhcy, mainly when they can’t change the sitch.

Question 13

multiculturism

Answer 13

implies biological essence, endorse groups as essentially diff and urge organizations to value those diffs. In contrast, colorblind approach treats everyone the same.

Question 14

infrahumanization

Answer 14

less than human. Secondary emotions (regret, pride) reserved for ingroup.

Question 15

dehumanization

Answer 15

minimize humanity of others. two major forms-
1, ppl treat others as animals, w/o uniquely human culture, morality, logic, etc.
2. treat others as mechanistic objects, denying them typical human nature(warmth, depth, agency).

Question 16

category confusions

Answer 16

automatic, forget specifics about ppl who are outgroups (categorized).

Question 17

category activation, application, cognitive load

Answer 17

activition conditionally automatic, depending on goals/context. Once active, stereotypes asorb easier. Bc stereotypes are cognitively efficient, they’re employed more when cog. capacity is under load.

Question 18

reducing stereotypes w motivated control

Answer 18

practice, perspective taking, guilt, and self focus can reduce stereotyping.

Question 19

ambiguous stereotyping

Answer 19

ppl rely on ambiguous info to confirm their expectancies (white ppl primed w black acting more hostile exp.)

Question 20

subjective uncertainty reduction

Answer 20

ingroup norms reduce uncertainty

Question 21

ambivalent stereotyping

Answer 21

only mentioning the positive aspect, but implying the negative

Question 22

stereotype content model

Answer 22

two questions asked about unfamiliar group: 1st, friend or foe? 2nd, able or unable?
Warmth vs competence. groups are on diff places on a graph; high warmth

Question 23

attribtional ambiguity

Answer 23

targets unsure if negative comments directed at them individually or at their group. expectations of disc. can lead to negative circle, but can also reflect reality. also attributing comments to disc. can make you an outcast in a group

Question 24

collective self esteem

Answer 24

ones private regard for ones group, and ones feelings of worth as a group member.
closely correlated to wellbeing.
since its unhealthy to base self esteem on external sources, its more adaptive to rely on private regard for ones identity

Question 25

perceiving discrimination

Answer 25

ask-answer-announce
ask oneself- has disc. occured?
answer the q; might differ depending on protection of ones self esteem, amount of harm, etc
announce- decide whether to; may do more harm than good

Question 26

disc. effects for majority members

Answer 26

monitering prej. depletes majority members cog. executive functioning. also, low prej. majority members may be so concerned with appearing prej. that they choke under pressure