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yr2 - forensic analysis and investigation > theories of crime and investigative psychology > Flashcards

theories of crime and investigative psychology Flashcards

1
Q

define ‘crime’

A

“an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law”.

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2
Q

name the three variables that cause people to break the law.

A
  • social conditions
  • influenced by others
  • individual differences
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3
Q

name the four levels of analysis.

A
  • societal
  • community
  • group and socialisation
  • individual approaches
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4
Q

state and describe the theories under societal perspectives.

A
  • anomie/stain theory - economic success.
  • absolute deprivation/conflict theory - inequality
  • deterrence / rational choice theories - offenders weigh up cost and benefits.
  • feminist theories.
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5
Q

state and describe community/ locality theories.

A
  • social disorganisations theory - crime is a function of neighbourhood dynamics.
  • routine activity theories - ‘motivated’ offender
  • differential opportunity theory - role models, opportunities for criminal ways of beh to dev.
  • social support/ altruism theory - decrease crime
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6
Q

state and describe group and socialisation influences.

A
  • subcultural delinquency - large urban areas create cultural conventions supporting crime.
  • differential association theory - learning theory
  • crimogenic factors in childhood - lack of love, family disruption, parental characteristics.
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7
Q

outline findings from the Cambridge study.

A
  • offenders tend to be deviant
  • started early
  • small proportion of men ‘chronic offenders’, accounted for 50%.
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8
Q

identify the risk factors from the Cambridge study of crime.

A
  • family criminality
  • risk-taking behaviour
  • poverty
  • poor parenting
  • low school attainment
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9
Q

name the strong predictors of crime.

A
  • racial heterogeneity
  • poverty
  • family disruption
  • incarceration
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10
Q

state and describe individual theories of crime.

A
  • biological theory - “born criminals”
  • sociobiological theory - evolutionary role
  • personality theory - traits with a genetic basis
  • social leanring theory - shaped by env and experiences, media influence
  • bowlbys attachment - affectionless psychopathy
  • cognitive theory- planning, memory, moral values, perspectives.
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11
Q

what theory believes criminal beh is learned in interactions through communications in intimate groups.

A

differential association theory (individual).

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12
Q

explain how the superego (psychodynamic theory) may result in crime.

A

powerful superego - could cause anxiety, person commits crime as a cry for help, or due to build up in there unconscious mind.

  • deviant superego - parents behaviour acts as a moral regulator for the child.
  • weak superego - dev due to abnormal relationships with family.
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13
Q

the psychological theory and criminal justice system influenced community corrections in several areas, identify these areas.

A
  • classification of offenders risks and needs
  • dev of case management plans and offender supervision strategies
  • techniques used to interview, assess and counsel offenders
  • strategies used to foster compliance with the basic rules of community supervision.
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14
Q

state common characteristics of criminals/ criminals-to-be.

A
  • drug/ alcohol problems
  • antisocial traits, impulsive, low self-esteem
  • adverse life events.
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15
Q

state theoretical approaches to investigative psychology.

internal/context

A
  • biological factors
  • psychodynamic factors
  • learning factors
  • social factors
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16
Q

under individual factors, state characteristics of ‘the born criminal’.

A

criminal is a separate species-homo delinquents

  • asymmetrical skull
  • flattened nose
  • tattoos, slang
  • enormous jaws
17
Q

what is the percentage of criminality concordance for adult identical twins?
compare this to the concordance percentage of fraternal twins.

A

77%:12%.

18
Q

define aspects of frustration-aggression.

A
  • real or imagined underprivileged, disadvantaged position
  • fight or kick back
  • desperation to be hard.
19
Q

lack of sympathy and short-term focus are aspects of what profile?

A

psychopathy or sociopathy.

20
Q

define aspects of Narcissism.

A
  • grandiose sense of self-importance
  • exhibitionist, need for attention
  • lack of empathy
21
Q

name the theory that believes criminal behaviour is learned and occurs through association with others.

A

Sutherland’s differential association theory.

22
Q

give examples of studies on situational instigators and regulators.

A

authority - milgram
in-group/out-group - muzafar and sherif
de-individuation - zimbardo

23
Q

name and briefly describe the three approaches to criminal typologies/profiles.

A

clinical - based on expertise and case knowledge
base-rate approach - based on descriptive data
actuarial - based on the modelling of data.

24
Q

give examples of FBI crime classification manual, both organised and disorganised.

A

organised - planning, control of victim, ante mortem

disorganised - leave evidence, post mortem, position body

25
Q

give examples of FBI offender characteristics, both organised and disorganised.

A

organised - intelligent, skilled in job, angry/depressed

disorganised - sexually ignorant, knows victim, frightened/ confused.

26
Q

name the analysis used when testing FBI approach.

A

smallest space analysis (SSA).

27
Q

give examples of base-rate questions.

A
  • what is the typical age of a burglar?

- how many females commit this type of crime?

28
Q

state the categories of sex offender behaviour (actuarial approach).

A
  • violence
  • sexual/intimacy
  • controlling
29
Q

describe the stages of grouping sex offenders behaviour using a SSA.

A
  1. hypotheses types of motivations and associated behaviours
  2. data of occurrence
  3. compute correlations
  4. represent these correlations on a SSA
  5. put behaviours associated with the three hypothesised approaches into discrete regions.
30
Q

give benefits of profiles.

A
  • greater understanding of the case (60.9%).

- reinforce judgments about the offender (51.6%).

31
Q

give problems of profiling.

A
  • often contain ambiguous advice that can be interpreted to fit any number of suspects.
  • professional profilers do not always produce more accurate profiles than ones produces by novices.
  • only 2.6% of respondents indicated that profiles led to the identification of the offender.

yr2 - forensic analysis and investigation (11 decks)

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