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yr2 - forensic analysis and investigation > eyewitness testimony and identification > Flashcards

eyewitness testimony and identification Flashcards

1
Q

name ways psychology research has improved legal procedures through research.

A
  • cognitive interview techniques.
  • re-appreciation of EWT.
  • EVO-FIT more reliable imaging.
  • double blind line up procedures.
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2
Q

identify issues in applying psych to real world problems.

A
  • ecological validity
  • ethical issues
  • effect size
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3
Q

give reasons why EWT is so error prone.

A
  • poor view of events
  • do not appreciate events significance at the time.
  • changes in suspects appearance.
  • effects of witness stress/arousal
  • effects of post-event info
  • relationship between witness accuracy and confidence
  • effects of expectation
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4
Q

state the difference between system variables and estimator variables.

A

system variables are variables under control of the legal system, whereas estimator variables are not.

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5
Q

how can memory distortion occur?

A
  • own expectations

- others accounts

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6
Q

describe heroes-dedson ‘law’ proposal.

A

if moderately stressed performance is good, too aroused and under aroused means poor performance.

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7
Q

why are experiments of stress not ecologically valid?

A

difficult to investigate stress experimentally as lab studies are highly controlled, participants know they are ‘fake’ so do not experience real stress.

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8
Q

give evidence for memory conformity.

A
  • more likely to recall misinformation provided by co-witnesses than from leading questions.
  • 86% of witnesses in a study said they discussed events with co-witnesses.
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9
Q

why does memory conformity occur?

A
  • witnesses regard other accounts as more reliable

- witnesses try to present themselves favourably to other witnesses.

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10
Q

describe the US innocence project.

A
  • 351 exonerations, over 75% involved EWT identification

e. g. Antonio beaver.

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11
Q

state two ways why id parades are unreliable.

A
  • false positive (false id)

- false negative (failing to identify suspect as present).

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12
Q

which out of: target-present or target-absent resulted in more misidentification.

A

target-absent.

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13
Q

identify why eyewitness identification is unreliable.

A
  • poor face recognition
  • witness misattribution of feelings of familiarity.
  • difficultly in ensuring line-ups are unbiased.
  • weak relationship between witness confidence and accuracy.
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14
Q

what percentage of cashiers falsely accepted fraudulent cards, and what percentage falsely rejected legitimate cards?

A
  • 50% fraud

- 10% legitmate

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15
Q

what is meant by the butcher of bus phenomenon.

A

recognise someone but fail to put a name to the face.

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16
Q

name the two parts of structural encoding (B+Y).

A
  • expression

- recognition

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17
Q

when witnesses described the criminals appearance to 41 non-witnesses, how many non-witnesses were successful in identification?

A

25/41.

18
Q

what type of lineup causes a prototype effect?

A

foils being selected on similarity to suspect.

19
Q

identify the difference between simultaneous and sequential line-ups.

A

simultaneous lineups take a relative judgment strategy whereas sequential lineups take an absolute judgement strategy (reduce false-pos choices).

20
Q

which type on lineup led to more correct identifications with target present?

A

simultaneous.

21
Q

which type on lineup led to more correct rejections with target absent?

A

sequential.

22
Q

is use of the hybrid procedure successful?

A

no - increases error more than it increases correct identification.

23
Q

state the five US court criteria for evaluating EW id.

A
  1. opportunity (of witness view)
  2. attention (of witness)
  3. accuracy (witness description)
  4. certainty (of witness)
  5. time (between crime and id procedure).
24
Q

what does the relationship between confidence and witness accuracy range between?

A

0.08 and 0.42.

25
Q

true or false: giving confirming feedback made no difference to the witnesses confidence in identification.

A

false - all feedback types distorted confidence ratings of how well witnesses saw criminal.

26
Q

name what type of feedback inflated retrospective certainty of inaccurate witnesses. did this feedback have the same effect on accurate witnesses?

A

confirming feedback.

not change accurate witnesses certainty.

27
Q

name the three SCIF stages.

A
  • assessment stage (internal cues)
  • search stage (external cues)
  • evaluation stage (judgement if credible cues).
28
Q

what type of feedback had robust effects on retrospective certainty, view, memory and attention.

A

confirming effects.

29
Q

name recommendations for good lineups.

A
  • use of fillers
  • blind administration
  • warn witness suspect may or may not be present.
  • sequential presentation
  • record witness assessment of certainty at time id is made.
  • no witness feedback about id performance.
30
Q

name the SCIF stages.

A
  • assessment stage: internal cues
  • search stage: external cues
  • evaluation stage: make judgement.
31
Q

name two types of face recall systems.

A
  • photofit

- evofit

32
Q

what percentage of participants successfully identified the 6 original faces from a set of 36 photofits.

A

12.5%

33
Q

sketching/photofit was better when target was reconstructed from memory.

A

photofit.

34
Q

true or false: verbal descriptions are better than photofit.

A

true.

35
Q

give reasons why face recall systems are so poor.

A
  • limitations in eyewitnesses themselves
  • equipment limitations
  • problems in method of construction
  • inappropriate ‘feature-based’ theoretical basis, at odds with ‘configural-based’ processing.
  • minor errors in features and/or configuration impede face recognition.
36
Q

describe the relationship between rated quality of a P’s photofit constructions and quality of their verbal descriptions.

A

there is no correlation.

37
Q

are faces more easily recognised upside down, or the right way up?

A

upside down.

38
Q

are features recognised better if they are presented within a whole face or in isolation?

A

whole face.

39
Q

familiar/ unfamiliar faces are recognised better from external features.

A

unfamiliar.

40
Q

suggest ways to improve recognisability of composites.

A
  • use multiple composites to aid recognition
  • improve composite systems
  • reduce stereotypes and expectations
41
Q

how can recognition rate be increased when using evofit?

A
  • use cognitive interview of witness
  • blurring external features
  • vertical stretching of finished composites

yr2 - forensic analysis and investigation (11 decks)

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