cross race identification and children as witnesses

Question 1

what aspects to forensics does ORB affect?

Answer 1

• recognition
• line ups
• photofits

Question 2

true or false: it is over three times likely to identify other-race than own race face as criminals.

Answer 2

false - over two times as likely not three.

Question 3

name the two aspects to ORB.

Answer 3

• impaired recognition

- shift in response bias (increased false positives)

Question 4

give possible explanations for ORB.

Answer 4

• prejudice
• physiognomic variability between races
• inter-racial contact.

Question 5

at what age is ORB developed?

Answer 5

6-9 months.

Question 6

give evidence that early experience produces a bias towards better recognition of faces within one culture.

Answer 6

Korean children adopted by caucasian families in Europe showed reversed own-race bias.

Question 7

according to the model of face processing, why is their poorer recognition for out-group faces.

Answer 7

out-group faces are viewed as less important due to cognitive disregard and shallow encoding.

Question 8

name the five factors influencing identifying other-race faces.

Answer 8

• attentional processing at encoding.
• perceptual expertise
• distinctiveness of target compared to other people in that ethnic group
• difficulty of task, affected by inter-item similarity and fairness of a lineup.
• social factors.

Question 9

describe valentines “multidimensional face space” model.

Answer 9

demonstrates distance between features of face, distinctive faces are recognised better.

Question 10

true or false: facial structure is more important than colour.

Answer 10

true - study found no effect for skin colour for African faces.

Question 11

there is a relationship between individuating experience and …

Answer 11

… strength of composite face effect.

Question 12

give evidence that suggests ORB influences both facial configurations and features.

Answer 12

• theres an own-race recognition advantage for both scrambled and burred faces.

Question 13

give an example that demonstrates how black and white observers fixate faces differently.

Answer 13

• black observers fixate on noses, whereas white observers fixate on eyes.

Question 14

the study which found that: Hispanic participants recognised composites better if they had hispanic hair compared to black/african hair, is an example of what effect?

Answer 14

• ambiguous face effect.

Question 15

give an example of how people have better recognition of faces they believe who were the same group as them (in-group).

Answer 15

• if the faces went to the same uni as them

- if they believed the person had the same personality as them

Question 16

name two other types of face bias.

Answer 16

• own gender bias.

- own age bias.

Question 17

true or false: ORB operates at at encoding phase, not retrieval.

Answer 17

true.

Question 18

give reasons as to why oxytocin enhances memory for other-race faces if taken before viewing them.

Answer 18

• reduces amygdala activity

- facilitates attention to socially significant face regions.

Question 19

describe contrasting views of children as witnesses.

Answer 19

• not to be trusted, prone to fantasy, susceptible to leading questions.
• under optimum conditions, childrens memories can be as reliable as adults.

Question 20

give reasons as to why children can be problematic witnesses.

Answer 20

• poorer knowledge base
• less well-developed meta memory skills
• poorer reality monitoring may lead to difficulty in distinguishing between fact and fantasy.
• greater susceptibility to misinformation effects from interviewers.

Question 21

at what age does encoding switch from piecemeal to configural occur?

Answer 21

around 10 years.

Question 22

true or false: configural processing develops quicker Han featural.

Answer 22

false, it develops more slowly.

Question 23

in which type of lineup do children show adult-life performance?

Answer 23

target-present lineups.

Question 24

according to verbal recall, what can cause increased suggestibility in children, but not adults?

Answer 24

delay between event and witness interview.

Question 25

who out of children and adults tend to report more physical characteristics then action details?

Answer 25

adults.

Question 26

give reasons as to why children are more prone to fantasy.

Answer 26

• children are less skilled at inference
• age differences in visual imagery
• poorer at encoding info about source.

Question 27

give evidence for false-memory syndrome.

Answer 27

• one third of preschoolers incorrectly remembered false events they originally denied.
• strong bias to respond ‘yes’ to yes/no questions, even if false.

Question 28

suggest ways to improve childrens recall.

Answer 28

• social support
• rapport building with interviewer
• context reinstatement
• cognitive recall
• modified lineup procedures to fix TA problems

Question 29

name types of factors of individual differences in suggestibility.

Answer 29

• demographic factors
• psycho-social factors
• cognitive factors

Question 30

name relationships between individual differences and suggestibility.

Answer 30

• advanced language abilities, more resistant to suggestion
• high creativity, more false event creation
• insecure/ avoidant attachments, more suggestible