cross race identification and children as witnesses Flashcards
what aspects to forensics does ORB affect?
- recognition
- line ups
- photofits
true or false: it is over three times likely to identify other-race than own race face as criminals.
false - over two times as likely not three.
name the two aspects to ORB.
- impaired recognition
- shift in response bias (increased false positives)
give possible explanations for ORB.
- prejudice
- physiognomic variability between races
- inter-racial contact.
at what age is ORB developed?
6-9 months.
give evidence that early experience produces a bias towards better recognition of faces within one culture.
Korean children adopted by caucasian families in Europe showed reversed own-race bias.
according to the model of face processing, why is their poorer recognition for out-group faces.
out-group faces are viewed as less important due to cognitive disregard and shallow encoding.
name the five factors influencing identifying other-race faces.
- attentional processing at encoding.
- perceptual expertise
- distinctiveness of target compared to other people in that ethnic group
- difficulty of task, affected by inter-item similarity and fairness of a lineup.
- social factors.
describe valentines “multidimensional face space” model.
demonstrates distance between features of face, distinctive faces are recognised better.
true or false: facial structure is more important than colour.
true - study found no effect for skin colour for African faces.
there is a relationship between individuating experience and …
… strength of composite face effect.
give evidence that suggests ORB influences both facial configurations and features.
- theres an own-race recognition advantage for both scrambled and burred faces.
give an example that demonstrates how black and white observers fixate faces differently.
- black observers fixate on noses, whereas white observers fixate on eyes.
the study which found that: Hispanic participants recognised composites better if they had hispanic hair compared to black/african hair, is an example of what effect?
- ambiguous face effect.
give an example of how people have better recognition of faces they believe who were the same group as them (in-group).
- if the faces went to the same uni as them
- if they believed the person had the same personality as them
name two other types of face bias.
- own gender bias.
- own age bias.
true or false: ORB operates at at encoding phase, not retrieval.
true.
give reasons as to why oxytocin enhances memory for other-race faces if taken before viewing them.
- reduces amygdala activity
- facilitates attention to socially significant face regions.
describe contrasting views of children as witnesses.
- not to be trusted, prone to fantasy, susceptible to leading questions.
- under optimum conditions, childrens memories can be as reliable as adults.
give reasons as to why children can be problematic witnesses.
- poorer knowledge base
- less well-developed meta memory skills
- poorer reality monitoring may lead to difficulty in distinguishing between fact and fantasy.
- greater susceptibility to misinformation effects from interviewers.
at what age does encoding switch from piecemeal to configural occur?
around 10 years.
true or false: configural processing develops quicker Han featural.
false, it develops more slowly.
in which type of lineup do children show adult-life performance?
target-present lineups.
according to verbal recall, what can cause increased suggestibility in children, but not adults?
delay between event and witness interview.
who out of children and adults tend to report more physical characteristics then action details?
adults.
give reasons as to why children are more prone to fantasy.
- children are less skilled at inference
- age differences in visual imagery
- poorer at encoding info about source.
give evidence for false-memory syndrome.
- one third of preschoolers incorrectly remembered false events they originally denied.
- strong bias to respond ‘yes’ to yes/no questions, even if false.
suggest ways to improve childrens recall.
- social support
- rapport building with interviewer
- context reinstatement
- cognitive recall
- modified lineup procedures to fix TA problems
name types of factors of individual differences in suggestibility.
- demographic factors
- psycho-social factors
- cognitive factors
name relationships between individual differences and suggestibility.
- advanced language abilities, more resistant to suggestion
- high creativity, more false event creation
- insecure/ avoidant attachments, more suggestible
