aggression and violence

Question 1

define violence

Answer 1

when a person has engaged in an act with some degree of willingness that caused (or had potential to cause) physical or psychological harm to another person.

Question 2

define aggression.

Answer 2

behaviour that is directed towards another individual carried out with the proximate intent to cause harm.

Question 3

describe differences between boys and girls in terms of violent and aggressive behaviours.

Answer 3

boys are more physically aggressive whereas as girls are more verbally aggressive,
men reported to commit more violent acts significantly more frequently than women.

Question 4

define single theories of aggression.

Answer 4

theories of violence and aggression that were based on social learning or emotional release, neglected the internalised cognitions that makes aggression dynamic for an individual.

Question 5

describe cognitive models.

Answer 5

explores the cognitive internalisation of our learning, pinpoint executive functioning deficits.

Question 6

state multifactorial models.

Answer 6

• social cognitive information
• social cognitive theory
• cognitive neoassociationist aggression model.

Question 7

define what makes up the social cognitive theory.

Answer 7

• cog factors
• behavioural factors
• environmental factors

Question 8

which theory suggests that thoughts and feelings interact, and that negative emotions/ events trigger tendency to fight or flight?

Answer 8

cognitive neoassociationist aggression model.

Question 9

which theory believes that person and situation factors affect feelings, thought and arousal, which in turn affect appraisal and decision-making processes.

Answer 9

general aggression modela and treatment.

Question 10

give ways how behaviour can be primed.

Answer 10

violent media, associative cues, exposure to guns.

Question 11

describe the hostile attribution bias.

Answer 11

violent offenders over-assess provocation, and have cognitive distortions about reactions.

Question 12

was it high self-esteem or low self-esteem that produced the highest levels of aggression?

Answer 12

highest.

Question 13

state which emotions are linked to violence and aggression.

Answer 13

• anger
• jealously
• shame
• fear, pain, stress

Question 14

what is meant by aggressive scripts?

Answer 14

schemas, people who are prone to aggression have fewer non-aggressive scripts, of which are less rehearsed.

Question 15

state protective factors that decrease violence/ aggression.

Answer 15

• risk assessments
• therapy
• aggression programmes
• more reasoning

Question 16

true or false: non-violence is often the rule in criminal careers.

Answer 16

true - most ‘specialist’ criminal acts involved non-violence such as robberies.