Theories Flashcards
According to family systems theory, what happens to students as they become more differentiated or separated from other family members?
They are more resilient to stress - both in and outside of the family.
What are the Adlerian consultation assumptions?
- cannot take responsibility for student behavior (avoid punitive approaches, use natural and logical consequences)
- more involved with encouragement than with praise (effort more impt than outcome, separate actor from act)
- cannot always prevent student failure
- meet affective as well as cognitive needs of students
Describe the Adlerian consultation strategies …
- understand the internal frame of reference of the client
- determine the impact of client behavior on others to diagnose goals (attention, power, revenge, withdrawal)
- question the client
Goal driven counseling theory; emphasis on taking person’s perspective and altering it to yield productive results
Alderian theory
An Ecological counseling theory; NASP endorsed approach
systems theory
What is the focus of the Associated with Reality Theory? Who developed it?
Glasser; focus on life choices and how they are working for people
Who is associated with the Gestalt Theory and what is it?
Fritz and Laura Perls; focuses upon the individual’s experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person’s life, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of their overall situation.
Used to modify behavior; postulates that a desirable task can reinforce a lower-level task (i.e., watch TV after doing dishes)
Premack principle
Examines a pattern of scores within an individual to determine strengths and weaknesses; comparison is to the test-taker, not norms
Ipsative scores
Not based on the bell curve, but instead on specific criteria or material to be mastered
criterion measurement
False positive (reject null when it is true)
Type I error
False negative (accept the null when it is false)
Type II error
Associated with Learned Helplessness
Seligman
Associated with Attribution Theory
Dweck
Modification of mental schemes in response to the demands of the environment
accomodation
Using existing ideas in new situations; an attempt to generalize
assimilation
Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
Ages 0-2; development of object permanence; attachment; here and now
Piaget’s preoperational stage
Ages 2-7; egocentric reason dominated by perception
Piaget’s concrete operational stage
Ages 7-11; develops conservation, inferential thinking, reversible thinking, quantitative reasoning
Piaget’s formal operational stage
Ages 12+; hypothetical reasoning
0-18 MO; attachment to caregiver is important - development of trust with caregiver to explore the world; requires warm, loving and attention to basic needs
Erickson’s trust v mistrust
18 mo to 3 yrs - develop sense of confidence in their abilities to explore and do things for themselves; begin to understand that they can control their behavior
Erickson’s Autonomy v shame
3-5 yrs - move from simple self control to taking the initiative in play and in various tasks; imaginary play and choosing activities are illustrated at this stage
Erickson’s initative v guilt
6-12 years; develop a sense of identity; sense of self and strong ego
Erickson’s industry v inferiority
Consultation model preferred by NASP
Indirect; building the consultee’s (teacher’s ) skills (Caplan’s consultation model)
Benefits one client (student); SP intervenes with the student; time consuming; best practice is not to do this but to teach the teachers how to help themselves
Client-centered consultation
Benefits the teacher by building her skills that might be used to help numerous people; best practice at the present time
Consultee Centered Consultation
Benefits an entire program or school; ex. In-service training for a school
Program Centered Consultation
teaches skills to key administrators to effect change at many schools or a district
Consultee-Centered Administrative Model
What is the Common Problem Solving Consultation Format? 4 steps
1 - define the problem (specifically)
2 - analyze the problem and collect data if necessary
3- Plan an intervention, monitor and modify as necessary
4- evaluate the outcome and compare pre-post data
What is the Process Consultation Model?
Uses workgroups, feedback, and work co-ordinations between groups
Academic accommodations are defined as ..
changes in the enviroment, such as letting a student use a quiet room to take a test. Academic accommodations are provided when students experience disability-related barriers that prohibit demonstration of their knowledge and skills. Accommodations are provided to level the playing field upon which students can establish their success.
Academic modifications are defined as …
Relates to special education services - actually changing a task to perform; ex. Student who has difficulty writing might be allowed to complete half the number of questions than his peers.
