Study Guide 1 Review Flashcards
_________ approaches provide students with coping skills to inoculate them against the temptation of using drugs and alcohol as an escape from difficulties.
Competence enhancement
A _________ can provide information about how cultural practices affect educational needs and can serve as an intermediary between the school psychologist and the community. Culture brokers help school psychologists to adjust their style of communication to match that of the families with whom they work, thereby increasing rapport and the likelihood of success with proposed interventions.
culture broker
_________ occurs when, over a period of time, there is an unintentional, systematic change in the operative definition of the behaviors that are being observed.
Observer drift
Research shows that the more schools reach out and engage _____ , the more they experience increased attendance.
parents
- Contacting the parents and discussing the situation may provide insight as to why the child is avoiding school, and will involve the parents as important members of the team. Also, by including the parents, a relationship may develop so the parents feel comfortable sharing important information with the team about the child’s home life.
Regularly helping others, accepting change, and keeping routines are all ways of increasing _______, but working without breaks decreases __________.
resilience
resilience
Individuals or groups from different backgrounds take on characteristics of the majority culture through________, as their language and culture begin to resemble those of the larger group.
assimilation
It is important to develop rapport and to understand the child’s perception of the problem and a(n) __________ is the best method to do this.
interview
Within a _________ model of assessment, child interviews are most helpful for establishing rapport and to better understand the child’s perspective on the issue.
multimethod
Problem-solving skills that relate to adjustment include _________, or the ability to come up with unrelated solutions to a problem; _________, or awareness of the intermediate steps required to achieve a particular goal; ___________, or the ability to identify what may happen as a direct result of acting in a particular way or choosing a particular solution; and ___________, or the ability to relate one event to another over time and to understand why one event led to a particular action. ____________ does not contribute to everyday adjustment.
a. causal thinking
b. Inconsequential thinking
c. alternative-solutions thinking
d. means-end thinking
e. consequential thinking
c. alternative-solutions thinking
d. means-end thinking
e. consequential thinking
a. causal thinking
b. Inconsequential thinking
Problem-solving skills that relate to adjustment include c. alternative-solutions thinking, or the ability to come up with unrelated solutions to a problem; d. means-end thinking, or awareness of the intermediate steps required to achieve a particular goal; e. consequential thinking, or the ability to identify what may happen as a direct result of acting in a particular way or choosing a particular solution; and a. causal thinking, or the ability to relate one event to another over time and to understand why one event led to a particular action. b. Inconsequential thinking does not contribute to everyday adjustment.
It can be challenging for a school psychologist to get young children to follow rigid assessment protocols, pay attention for long periods of time, andwork with an unfamiliar adult. However, _______ objectives appropriate for these ages have been established.
behavioral
The primary goal of _________ therapy is to teach children to identify and change irrational beliefs underlying psychological difficulties so that they can view themselves and others in a sensible and rational manner.
rational emotive behavior therapy
__________ refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 4–5, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11. (This word refers to the ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.)
Conservation
When a school psychologist obtains permission from parents or guardians to conduct an assessment, the school psychologist is seeking ___________
informed consent.
________ classroom management is the art and science of transforming a collection of young people into a cohesive group of learners. ______ (same word) classroom management is anticipating problems or interruptions before they occur and finding ways to eliminate or lessen their impact on learning.
Proactive
School psychologists can use data on poor attendance, too few credits earned, and high numbers of behavioral incidents to identify which students are at risk of dropping out. By focusing prevention efforts on these students, the drop-out rate should be reduced.
True of False
True
An extra copy of the __________ causes the most common form of Down syndrome, typically characterized by a protruding tongue, flattened facial traits, and intellectual disabilities. In addition, individuals with Down syndrome often have cardiac and vision issues.
twenty-first chromosome
A parent will only be prevented from participating in his or her child’s education if __________ Additionally, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) best practices recommend, and research supports, parental involvement from both parents, stating that it is paramount to a child’s educational success.
a court order specifically denies visitation rights.
Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), technology is mandated to help enhance learning opportunities for students with disabilities. Two elements are defined in IDEA for assistive technology: ____1_____ and ___2_____. ____1___ are equipment-related, while _____2_____ involve modification of environments, adaptations of assessment procedures, or training others to work with the child.
devices and services.
Devices, services.
- Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), technology is mandated to help enhance learning opportunities for students with disabilities. Two elements are defined in IDEA for assistive technology: devices and services. Devices are equipment-related, while services involve modification of environments, adaptations of assessment procedures, or training others to work with the child.
__________individuals strive to achieve because of internal factors, such as curiosity and the desire to learn, not because of external rewards, such as grades or championship titles.
Intrinsically motivated
School psychologists may be experiencing a greater amount of one-on-one time with students because of a greater number of teacher referrals, because
(A) increased training means that staff are recognizing symptoms earlier
(B) because the school psychologists enjoy meeting the students and encourage them to come in.
(C) Both A and B
C
The _______ effect essentially causes competitive behaviors between the control group and the experimental group in a study.
John Henry
The _________ is a cognitive bias in which an observer’s overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer’s feelings and thoughts about that entity’s character or properties. It was named by psychologist _______.
Halo effect
It was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo.
In psychology and cognitive science, _______ is a tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions, leading to statistical errors.
confirmation bias (or confirmatory bias)
In statistics, ________ is a bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others.
sampling bias
According to best practices, specific training experiences are required to acquire ______ competence.
cultural
_______ assessments provide information about a student’s performance in relation to that of other students, typically on a national scale, while _______ assessments are useful for making instructional decisions, but they allow for only local comparison.
Standardized norm-referenced
Curriculum-based
Standardized norm-referenced assessments provide information about a student’s performance in relation to that of other students, typically on a national scale. Curriculum-based assessments are useful for making instructional decisions, but they allow for only local comparison.
According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), parental consent is not required prior to the consultations, but parents do need to be informed when consultations are completed.
True or False?
True
The capability of vicarious learning is the cornerstone of Bandura’s _______ theory. Children need not receive specific reinforcement for their behavior in order to learn; rather, they learn much social behavior merely by observing others
social cognitive
Teachers, educational specialists, students, and parents all have valuable information about why grades may be falling and what actions should be taken.
True or False?
True
T-scores are scaled to a metric with a mean of _____ and a standard deviation of ____.
50, 10
T-scores are scaled to a metric with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
Collaboration between the _____ and ______ will encourage each student’s academic success and positive behavior.
home and the school
Collaboration between the home and the school will encourage each student’s academic success and positive behavior.
The ______ is the middle point in a set of scores arranged in order of magnitude. When distributions are skewed, it is a better measure of central tendency because it is not affected disproportionately by outliers.
median
While evaluation is sometimes used for the other suggested reasons, the primary reason for evaluating a program is to ________.
make improvements.
______ influence refers to the ability of a living system to interact with and react to its environment. Each part of the system influences the other parts.
Reciprocal
______validity is the validity of generalized (causal) inferences in scientific research, usually based on experiments as experimental validity. In other words, it is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people
External
_______ validity refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time). The less chance for confounding in a study, the higher its ____(same word) validity is.
Internal
_______ should first address organizational needs and potential steps toward appropriate outcomes.
Program evaluation
Effective academic instruction is a primary _____ targeting all students, whereas Wraparound services, Individual counseling for externalizing behaviors , and Contingency contracts target specific at-risk students or those with chronic and intense problem behavior.
prevention
______ is a philosophy of care with defined planning process used to build constructive relationships and support networks among students and youth with emotional or behavioral disabilities (EBD) and their families. It is community based, culturally relevant, individualized, strength based, and family centered
Wraparound
Peer and parent ratings and functional assessment interviews are ______ behavioral assessment methods. They assess behavior that is removed in time and place from its actual occurrence.
indirect
______ function much like community liaisons but are also integrated into the cultural group and have knowledge of the values, beliefs, and practices of a cultural group or community and specific organizations and systems with which they have learned to navigate effectively either for themselves, their families, and/or their communities. They can play a key role in informing family leaders and organizations about the most culturally appropriate ways of joining with families and communities from different backgrounds.
Cultural brokers
________ is the lack of understanding, or ignorance, of another’s cultural background and the influence this background has on one’s current view of the world.
Cultural encapsulation
School ______ is created by the sense of physical safety and social acceptance imparted to the students, as well as their perception of school academic and behavioral standards and expectations
climate
National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) encourages school psychologists to collaborate with ________ to better understand and meet the needs of diverse learners.
culture brokers
A drawback to using local norms is that they can veer far from national standards and norms on the same assessment.
True or False
True
For example, students may perform in the average range for a mathematics assessment for a school, but may be performing below the national proficiency level determined for math.
________ gifted students, especially in their areas of interest, helps them stay engaged and motivated. The other choices are effective teaching strategies in certain instances but are not necessarily going to meet the special needs of the gifted child.
Accelerating
In a _______ approach to assessment, changes in a child’s behavior and cognition are compared to those of a reference group, usually composed of children similar in age and gender.
normative-developmental
The basic tenets of ______ theory include the acknowledgment of changeable behavior as determined by context rather thanrigid traits, as well as the recognition that events that affect one member of the family system in some way affect the other members, too.
family systems
The __________ is based on psychoanalytic theory. It focuses on the feelings of the consultee or client and how those feelings affect the situation
mental health model
On the CTOPP-2®, each subtest has a mean scaled score of 100 anda standard deviation of 3.
True or False?
False
10, not 100
**On the CTOPP-2®, each subtest has a meanscaled score of 10 anda standard deviation of 3.
Research has shown that students who are physically closest to a crisis event are the most likely to experience traumatic stress reactions.
True or False
True
_______ refers to providing all persons with similar rights and equal economic, political, and social opportunities. Keeping computer laboratories open after school allows access to technology for students who do not have computers or Internet access at home. Seeking contributions of school supplies helps ensure that all students have similar tools in school
Social justice
According to the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), school psychologists operating in more than one setting, such as a school and a private practice, need to recognize the need to separate roles and avoid
a. systems theories
b. conflicts of interest.
c. favoritism effect
d. the halo effect
b. conflicts of interest
The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) recommends that school psychologists collaborate with schools and families to form and maintain effective partnerships by
a. establishing effective communication
b. joint problem solving, active involvement
c. shared decision making
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) recommends that school psychologists collaborate with schools and families to form and maintain effective partnerships by establishing effective communication, joint problem solving, active involvement, and shared decision making
___________ can best demonstrate academic improvement. Teachers and school psychologists often participate in the development of these assessment tools. The other options either are not academically oriented or would not best be used in consultation.
Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)
Research supports that ___________ can impact a child’s learning in reading recognition, reading comprehension, math calculation, math reasoning, written expression, oral comprehension, and listening comprehension. Crystallized intelligence, fluid reasoning, and processing speed are also important for achievement, but research does not support their impact as significant for all seven areas listed above
short-term memory
The ______________ (also referred to as the Buckley Amendment) established rules regarding access, inspection, copying, and release of student records
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
According to NASP, a supervising school psychologist should be a Nationally Certified School Psychologist, rather than certified by the state.
True or False
False - can be either one
According to NASP, a supervising school psychologist should be a Nationally Certified School Psychologist or be certified by the state.
Although not yet a common focus of school psychology, _______ is a concept that most school psychologists support. This concept involves the fair, equal, and proper treatment of all persons, irrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possessions, race, religion, etc.
social justice
The Good Behavior Game is a Tier ___ intervention designed to reward children for engaging in appropriate behavior during class. It has been widely researched across ages and cohorts and has been found to have immediate (e.g., on-task behavior) and long-term effects.
one
If the results of research are determined to be __________, They differ from what would be expected based upon chance alone.
statistically significant
Evidence suggests that children who are victims of aggression, or witness aggression at home, have an_______ risk of being aggressive and angry.
increased
In _________, a student’s performance is evaluated by comparing it to an established standard, rather than to the performance of other students.
curriculum-based measurement (CBM)
The __________ indicates the margin of error to be expected in an individual’s test score as a result of the degree of reliability of the test.
error of measurement
_________ systematically combines data from multiple studies that focus on the same question and use similar variables
Meta-analysis
NASP states that __________ are “accomplished through joint problem solving, two-way communication, and shared decision making.” These processes help parents and school psychologists form relationships built on respect.
partnerships
According to Salvia and Ysseldyke, differences in experiential background affect __________, the process of adopting another culture’s behaviors and beliefs.
acculturation
_________ is withdrawing attention by ignoring an undesired behavior or removing its rewarding consequences.
Extinction
________ interventions manipulate the setting or antecedents to decrease disruptive behavior.
Proactive
A(n) ________ deficit in social skills is due to a lack of knowledge or an inability to determine when a particular skill is needed. e.g. a student does not know how to ask for permission to use the playground equipment.
acquisition
The NASP Principles for Professional Ethics clearly state that school psychologists may not engage in sexual relationships with those over whom they have supervisory or evaluation authority; in addition, dual relationships are expressly prohibited.
True or False
true
_________ provide education for students whose needs cannot be met by the programs available in a traditional public school.
Alternative schools
____________ specifically prohibits schools from discriminating on the basis of disability in providing any aid, benefit, or service, either directly or through contractual arrangements.
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
XYZ Middle School has a policy of barring special education classes from the school’s computer lab. This is clearly a violation of ________, which states that schools must afford students with disability equal opportunity to obtain the same results, to gain the same benefit, or to reach the same level of achievement, in the most integrated setting appropriate to the students’ needs.
Section 504.
Arnold Gesell, a psychologist, physician, and pioneer in the field that would become school psychology, created the _______________. These were normed assessments in the areas of motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social development.
Gesell Developmental Schedules
A student who has had an education that is authoritarian, focuses on rote learning, and discourages questioning will likely have difficulty with original problem solving and open-ended assignments. In addition, problems with multiple means to a solution and creative writing would be unfamiliar and challenging without support.
True or False?
True
Tier ___ intervention requires the broadest level of support.
three
Traditional school programming increases the opportunity for success through self-directed learning or individual assistance.
True or False?
False - Alternative school
Alternative school programming increases the opportunity for success through self-directed learning or individual assistance.
By establishing a relationship with parents through parent events and family social nights, the school psychologist will make parents feel more comfortable in the school, and the parents will be more likely to get involved in learning activities.
True or False?
True
For many students with low socioeconomic status, enrollment in kindergarten may be their first exposure to reading. Research shows once these students are exposed to formal reading instruction, the risk factors associated with learning disabilities in reading decrease.
True or False?
True
______ learning requires students to work together. Graphic organizers are a typical ______ (same) learning technique.
Cooperative
Project _____ helps schools develop and implement ESEA-responsive School Improvement, Multi-Tiered Academic, and Multi-Tiered Positive Behavioral Support Systems (PBSS)–speeding effective academic and behavioral interventions to at-risk, underachieving, unresponsive, and unsuccessful students. Components of the program include: Problem solving, teaming, and consultation processes, Strategic planning and organizational development, and Effective schooling and professional development.
Project ACHIEVE
A behavioral model focuses on the modification of observable behavior by manipulating behavioral __________.
contingencies
The _______________ determines the confidence interval for the observed score. The individual’s true score is likely to fall in this range. The confidence interval shows the precision of the test score.
standard error of measurement
Professional competence involves knowing the limits of one’s skills and experience.
True or False?
True
As students become more differentiated, they become more _____ to stress both from within the family and from outside sources.
resilient
_______ is a firsthand method of collecting data.
Direct observation
Research suggests that nonnative English-language learners generally learn best when _________.
they receive instruction in their native languages while they also learn English.
Researchers should use a _____ when the study will compare the mean scores of two groups.
t-test
National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Principles for Professional Ethics encourages the role of ________ for school psychologists. However. there tends to be a minimal emphasis for this and public policy in graduate education, causing many practitioners to be unprepared for the role.
advocate
__________ is one of the most frequently used behavior therapy procedures for reducing children’s fears and phobias. It involves three steps: establishing an anxiety-stimulus hierarchy; learning a coping mechanism, such as a relaxation technique; and counter-conditioning to associate the coping mechanism with the stimulus.
Systematic desensitization
Evidence suggests that children who are deprived of a cognitively enriched environment at an early age have an increased risk of developing _____. For example, children who experience lengthy institutionalization often associated with international adoption are at risk.
Cumulative Cognitive Deficit (CCD).
According to the ________ model, the five components that are needed to have successful change are vision, skills, incentives, resources, and an action plan. If the necessary resources are not present to help, the outcome will be frustration
managing complex change
There are five major units of social interaction in _______ theory. The first is the social stimulus or cue. This is the information that a child must process. For example, a shove by another child, a scowl, a pout, and an invitation to join a game are all social signals that a child must interpret.
Dodge’s
The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) Principles of Professional Ethics clearly indicates that the privacy of students’, parents’, and teachers’ sexual orientation be maintained.
True or False?
True
The goal of all educational activities is the enhancement of ___________.
student outcomes
Involving the community is a good idea because it gives students more diverse opportunities and helps them form relationships with community members.
True or False?
True
In _______________, the steps are: Make contact with the victim and give him or her permission to express thoughts and emotions, Explore the victim’s problem in terms of the past, present, and future, Identify possible solutions to assist the victim, Take definite steps to assist the victim, and provide follow-up assistance.
Slaikeu’s psychological first aid
Many sources describe the paradox of school psychology as the need to “professionally serve _____ in order to best serve children.”
adults
In __________ case consultation, the consultant is primarily interested in the problems that prevent the consultee from solving a problem, and not in the solutions to the client’s problems.
consultee-centered
___________ refers to the removal of aversive stimuli (in this case, the homework assignments) to increase the frequency of a behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Some theorists consider cognitive limitations in very young children to be adaptive. Since only one sensory system develops at a time, providing an availability of resources in the brain, young children have greater facility with ________ than older children.
language acquisition
Whendeveloping appropriate interventions and recommendations for students, a school psychologist should consider the effects of .Students aremost at risk if, as children, they experienced international adoption.
cumulative cognitive deficit (CCD)
One hypothesis for why young children are better at language acquisition than older children focuses more on the young children’s cognitive limitations than on their advanced cognitive abilities for processing language. This hypothesis is best known as the _______ hypothesis.
less-is-more
A school psychologist has implemented a bullying intervention and would like to determine it’s effectiveness. How can she do this?
An assessment of the number of bullying incidents before and after the implementation of the two levels of bullying prevention programming would allow the school psychologist to assess the effectiveness of the program.
It is very difficult to form opinions and impressions that are free from the influence of one’s own______ .
Culture
It is importantfor school psychologists to examine how their own cultural experiences influence their work with others. This task becomes increasingly more important for school psychologists whose culture differs significantly from that of the students in the school in which they work.
Measures of central tendency are best described as typical or expected values .
True or False?
True
Overall, the __________ is a highly reliable and valid test battery that has multiple subtests to assess student strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the test contains a composite score, the Special Nonverbal Composite (SNC), which summarizes the nonverbal domains of the test and is useful for assessing students who are not proficient in spoken English. While this test may be used for ages 2:6 through 17:11, various age ranges or ability levels use different sets of subtests.
Differential Ability Scales-II® (DAS-II®)
__________ is defined as equipment or products that provide access to or enhance the learning of students with disabilities.
Assistive technology
Effective participation in a ___________ requires knowledge of consultation procedures and the ability to solve complex problems and make confident and appropriate decisions. They have been used as a common intervention to better serve children with disabilities as well as general education students in an effort to avoid placing students unnecessarily in special education.
Prerefferal Intervention Team (PIT)
A great deal of empirical research comparing outcomes for students who were retained with outcomes for matched control students who were promoted indicates a _________ on students.
negative impact
Grade retention is associated with decreased achievement (in reading, math, and language), socioemotional problems (in peer relationships, self-esteem, behavioral issues, and attendance), and an increased rate of dropping out.
True or False?
True
Which is one of the many ways a school psychologist could include culturally competent services into his or her practice?
a. Transfer the student to another school with more students of the similar culture.
b. Use interpreters and translators as a means of collecting reliable information
c. facilitating home-school collaboration
d. C and D
d. C and D
Utilizing the services of a ______________ demonstrably improves cultural competence because the cultural broker has a working understanding of the students’ and families’ culture.
cultural broker or cultural mediator
An adaptive behavior assessment is not necessary when making decisions about the education of a child with a severe intellectual disability.
True or False
FALSE
An adaptive behavior assessment IS necessary when making decisions about the education of a child with a severe intellectual disability.
Ideally the reliability of a screening instrument should be _____ or above.
0.80
When faced with a student who has academic and behavioral difficulties, a school psychologist must determine whether the student has a skill or performance deficit. When a student lacks a particular skill, the school psychologist must teach it to the student. Name three ways social skills can be taught.
- modeling
- coaching
- allowing the student to practice the skill.
Consultations should begin with the development of the_______ between the school psychologist (consultant) and teacher (consultee).
Relationship.
The relationship between the school psychologist (consultant) and teacher (consultee) plays a major role in the effectiveness of consultation services. The development of a good working relationship with the consultee helps ensure the success of the planned interventions.
The _________ uses nonverbal stimuli and responses. It takes less than one hour in extended form and allows for shorter administration periods. It is recommended for students who are hearing impaired and have intellectual disabilities.
Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)
______ is the knowledge that words consist of separable sounds. In addition to the ability to discriminate letters, one early skill that predicts good reading abilitiesin later years is phonemic awareness.
Phonemic awareness
