Prevention and intervention Flashcards
Which strategies are used to help a student with assertiveness issues?
modeling and rehearsal
________ refers to a process of attempting to intervene in a proactive manner with a student or personnel to avoid occurrence of a negative outcome.
prevention
________ can be further defined as a set of procedures designed to improve student performance and reduce students’ problems
Intervention
name 4 CBT techniques
- applied behavior analysis
- functional behavioral analysis
- cognitive behavioral strategies
- behavior modification
aba
fba
cbs
bm!
Response cost: an effective ________ technique
behavioral modification
the process of systematically applying interventions based upon the principles of learning theory to improve socially significant behaviors to a meaningful degree, and to demonstrate that the interventions employed are responsible for the improvement in behavior“
applied behavior analysis
- Removal of an earned reward that usually reduces or modifies negative behaviors
- Example: student throws food in the cafeteria must forgo his or her recess by cleaning up his or her mess.
- Overcorrection: Child not only is required to clean up his or her food, but the entire area- key piece in another technique “restorative justice”
response cost
Self-talk is a type of ________.
cognitive behavioral strategy
- Cognitive approach to changing behavior
- Vital to understand what a student is saying to himself or herself before, during and after an undesirable act
- Changing it can modify behaviors
self-talk
ABC’s stands for
- Antecedence of behavior
- the Behavior itself
- Consequence (what maintains) the behavior
Several school psychologists believe that all behavior is purposeful and is intiated by __________ and is maintained by its consequences.
antecedent (triggering event)
Good interventionists always ask, “What is the ______ for the behavior?”
payoff
If you change the trigger and the payoff for the target behavior, then the behavior ________ __________.
will change
reinforcement after a set number of instances
fixed ratio
reinforcement variably after event
variable ratio
reinforcement after a fixed amount of time
Fixed Interval
reinforcement variably in time
Variable Interval
most resistance to change once the behavior is shaped by this method
Variable Interval
Receiving a good grade every time you read 2 chapters of the book
fixed ratio
Random drug testing for a professional athlete
variable interval
A slot machine at a casino operates on this schedule:
variable ratio
Selling Girl Scout cookies door to door
variable ratio
An athlete’s contract specifies salary increases to be negotiated every 3 years
fixed interval
Watching for shooting stars
variable interval
A worker receives $1 for every 100 envelopes stuffed and sealed
fixed ratio
Getting a paycheck every three weeks.
fixed interval
A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet every other time it pushes down the lever
fixed ratio
A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet every three minutes, assuming that it is pushing the lever down
fixed interval
A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet randomly throughout the day, assuming that it is pushing down the lever
variable interval
A lab rat gets reinforced with a food pellet on the 3rd time it pushes down the lever, then on the 7th time, then on the 21st time, etc
variable ratio
A child gets his toys taken away for fighting with his sister
Negative Punishment
A toddler is given a cookie after saying “please”
Positive Reinforcement
Cleaning the house to get rid of a mess
negative reinforcement
An student is yelled at by a teacher for being late
Positive Punishment
A student who is disruptive can no longer listen to music during work time
Negative Punishment
Watching your favorite TV show after doing all of your homework
Positive Reinforcement
Spanking a child
Positive Punishment
Taking vitamins to avoid getting sick
Negative Reinforcement
Getting a candy bar after putting money into a vending machine
Positive Reinforcement
A dolphin trainer walks away with a the fish bucket when a dolphin gets aggressive
Negative Punishment
Getting praise after singing karaoke
Positive Reinforcement
Fly fishing: Casting and reeling back several times before catching a fish
variable ratio
Frequent flyer program: getting a free flight after accumulating 1000 flight miles.
Fixed Ratio
Difference between punishment and negative and positive reinforcement
- Punishment: decreases behavior
- Negative reinforcement: increases behavior
- Positive reinforcement: increases behavior
used by behaviorists to modifiy behavior
• Emphasizes that a desirable task can reinforce a lower level task.
• Example: child can eat a cookie (higher level task) after he/she finishes homework (lower level task
Premack Principal
________ are interventions which are used on an ongoing basis in an attempt to reduce the likelihood of occurrence of the challenging behavior. They are preventative and usually deal with the conditions that precede the behavior.
Proactive strategies
are those techniques used in an emergency or crisis situation to gain control of dangerous, out of control behaviors.
Reactive Strategies
Seclusion is an example of a __________ strategy.
reactive
Assumptions underlying behavioral therapy?
- Human behavior is governed by basic learning principles.
- Humans are neither good nor evil; they are shaped by their environment.
- All people are capable of modifying behaviors under the right circumstance.
____________, considered the father of BT, developed systematic desensitization based upon a conditioning model of learn
Joseph Wolpe
_________ was the champion of operant or instrumental conditioning, a model of learning theory focusing on shaping behavior primarily through reinforcements.
B. F. Skinner
_________ developed social learning theory, a model that expanded learning theory to include concepts like modeling and self-efficacy as important in learning and producing behavior.
Albert Bandura
What are some different techniques used in CBT interventions ?
- Journaling
- Modeling
- Role-play
__________ developed a system that he calls “technical eclecticism,” using the acronym BASIC ID to represent different aspects of a person’s life and treatment foci.
Arnold Lazarus
Ultimate goal and role is to increase students’ level of independence and responsibility
special education services
• Changes in the environment, such as letting a student use a quiet room to take a test
curriculum accomodations
- Actually changing a task to perform
- Example: Student with difficulty writing might be allowed to complete half the number of questions than his or her peers.
curriculum modifications
• The practice of requiring a child to repeat a grade or requiring a child of appropriate chronological age to delay entry to kindergarten or first grade.
retention
_________ of students are retained at least once before ninth grade, with highest rate among poor, minority and inner city youth.
30-50%
• Research has not shown support for grade retention, however, retention has increased due to the recent school reform movement (NCLB) which emphasizes grade level standards and assessment, and the end of social promotion (practice of promoting students with same age peers even if they have not mastered grade level content).
true or false
TRUE
Those more likely to be retained include:
- Black and Hispanic males
2. Late birthdays, Delayed development, attention problems
3. Living in poverty, single parent homes
4. Frequent school changes, chronic absenteeism
5. Low parent education and involvement
6 Behavior problems, aggressive, immature
7. Difficult with peer relations, low self esteem, low confidence
8. Reading Problems (ELL included)
What are some possible outcomes of grade retention?
- Initial improvement, but decline in gains within two to three years of retention.
- Do same or worse then children not retained, in the long run
- No positive long term outcomes
- 5 TO 11 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DROP OUT OF SCHOOL
