Theories

Question 1

body size, body proportions, appearance, brain development, motor development, perception capacities, physical health

Answer 1

physical domain

Question 2

thought processes and intellectual abilities, incliding attention, memory, problem solving, imagination, creativity, academic and everyday knowledge, metacognition and language

Answer 2

cognitive domain

Question 3

self knowledge, moral reasoning, understanding and expression of emotions self regulation, termperment, understanding others, interpersonal skills and friendships

Answer 3

social/emotional domain

Question 4

belief that heredity and innate biological processes govern growth

Answer 4

biological theories

Question 5

assumes a heirarchial nature of nervous system maturation
attibutes normal motor develpment to increasing corticalization of the CNS
functional behaviors appear as the nervous system matures
development is build upon reflexes
assumes that CNS maturation is the primary agent for change in development

Answer 5

neural-maturationist

Question 6

attachment between an infant and the caregiver can insure the infant’s survival
the infant’s relationship to the parent begins as a set of innate signals that call the adult to the baby’s side
as time passes a true affectionate bond develops which is supported by new cognitive and emotional capacities as well as a history of consistent, sensitive, responsive care by the parent

Answer 6

attachment theory

Question 7

examines how behavior is determined by a species need for survival
has its roots in charles darwins research
describes a “critical period” or “ sensitive period” for learning
although it emphasizes the genetic and biological roots of development, learning is also considered imortant becuawe it lends flexibility and adaptiveness to behavior

Answer 7

Ethology

Question 8

belifes that describe how children learn

Answer 8

cognitive theories

Question 9

development occurs through intreaction between the individual and environment
contingency learning and positive reinforcement
pavlovian conditioning

Answer 9

behavioral (skinner)

Question 10

development occurs through interaction between cognitive-neural structures and environmental opportunities
first cation are reflexive, then become voluntary

Answer 10

paigetian

Question 11

paigets cognitive development stages

Answer 11

sensori-motor
preoperation
concrete operations
formal operations

Question 12

ages birth-2: the infant uses his senses and motor abilites to understand the world

Answer 12

sensori motor

Question 13

ages 2-7: the child uses mental representations of objects and is able to use symbolic throught and language

Answer 13

preoperation

Question 14

ages 7-11: the child uses logical operations or principles when solving problems

Answer 14

concrete operations

Question 15

ages 12 and up: the use of logical operation in a systematic fashion and with the ability to use abstractions

Answer 15

formal operations

Question 16

agreed that children are active learners, but their knowledge is socially constructed
cultural values and customs dictate what is important to learn
children learn from more expert members of the society
described the “zone of proximal development” where learning occurs

Answer 16

Lev Vygotsky

socio-cultural theory

Question 17

the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

Answer 17

zone of proximal development

Question 18

uses the model of the computer to describe how the brain works
focuses on how information is perceived, how information is stored in memory, how memories are retrieved and then used to solve problems

Answer 18

information processing theory

Question 19

children are passive beings who can be molded by controlling the stimulus-response associaations

Answer 19

john watson

father of american behaviorist theory

Question 20

stressed how children learn by observation and imitation

believed that children gradually become more selective in what they imitate

Answer 20

social learning theory

albert bandura

Question 21

the belief taht development can’t be explained by a single concept, but rather by a complex system

Answer 21

development systems theory

Question 22

development of a motor pattern depends on a combination of mechanical, neuroligic, cognitive, and perceptual factors in addition to environmental contributions
neural maturation is equal to other structures and processes that influence motor development
environment is an important as the organism
movements are self organizing and emerge as a result of interaction between the subsystems
each subsystem develops at its own rate

Answer 22

dynamical systems

Question 23

variables that regulate change in the behavior (movement) of the child

Answer 23

control parameters

Question 24

factors that limit the ability of the child to move

Answer 24

rate limiters

Question 25

stable movement patterns (preferred but not obligatory)

Answer 25

attractors

Question 26

varied systems of the environment and the interrelationships amond the systems shape a childs developemnt
bothe the environment and biology infuence the childs development
the environmental affects the child and the child influences the environment

Answer 26

ecological systems theory or bioecological theory

brogenbrenner

Question 27

activites and interaction int he child’s immediate surroundings: parents school, friends

Answer 27

microsystem

Question 28

relationships among the entities involved in the childs microsystem: parents interations with teachers, a schoold interaction with the daycare provider

Answer 28

mesosystem

Question 29

social institutions which affect children indirectly: parents work settings and policies, extended family networks, mass media, community resources

Answer 29

exosystem

Question 30

broader cultural values, laws and governmental resources

Answer 30

macrosystem

Question 31

changes which occur during a childs life, both personally like the birth of a sibling and culturally like the iraqi war

Answer 31

chronosystem

Question 32

principles of development

Answer 32

cephalocaudal
proximodistal
maturation

Question 33

dead downward

child first gains control fo the head, then arms then legs

Answer 33

cephalocaudal

Question 34

development proceeds from center of the body outward
spinal cord develops before other parts of the body
arms develop before hands

Answer 34

proximodistal

Question 35

sequence of biological changes in children
depends on changes in the brain and nervous system
these changes assist children to improve their thinking abilities and motor skills

Answer 35

maturation

Question 36

continuing process of the creation and organization of neuron connections that occurs as a result of a person’s life experiences

Answer 36

experience-dependent

Question 37

normal, generalized development of neuron connection that occur as a result of common experiences that all humans are exposed to in a normal environment. these early universal experiences are visual stimulation, sound, and bodily movement

Answer 37

experience-expectant

Question 38

development doesn’t follow a linear pattern
as children develop a skill, they may regress to and earlier forms of the behavior as new, more mature and adaptive, versions of these skills emerge
periods of instability or disequilibrium drive the developmental process
interventions may be more effective during periods of sensitive period

Answer 38

spiraling pattern of development