Theoretical basis of care

Question 1

Recovery

Answer 1

Recovery is the most important goal.

It includes 4 dimensions: home, health, purpose, and community.

Question 2

Unlike previous editions, the DSM-V does not use

Answer 2

the multiaxial system

Question 3

Phases of a therapeutic nurse-client relationship: introduction

Answer 3

Finding the diagnosis

Question 4

Phases of a therapeutic nurse-client relationship: Working phase

Answer 4

Also called “identification and exploitation”

Clarifying the expectations you talked about during the introduction

Start the treatment

Evaluate the treatment

This is when transference/countertransference happens

Question 5

Phases of a therapeutic nurse-client relationship: Termination phase

Answer 5

Also called “resolution”

Reviewing progress toward goals (you also measure outcomes in the working phase)

Establishing a longterm plan of care

Focusing on self-management

This is the phase where the client’s symptoms might er-emerge

Question 6

Erikson

Infancy, birth to 1 year old

Answer 6

Trust versus mistrust, because the first thing you have to do when you’re born is rely on others for help. You have to trust someone else.

Ability to form meaningful relationships with trust, and have hope for the future.

If it doesn’t go well, you will have the opposite- poor relationships, mistrust, and hopelessness

Question 7

Erikson

Early childhood, 1 to 3 years old

Answer 7

Autonomy vs shame and doubt. This age has to do with autonomy because it’s when you can first crawl and walk around on your own.

Self control, self esteem, willpower

Question 8

Erikson

Late childhood, 3 to 6 years old

Answer 8

Initiative vs guilt. Because when you’re around 4 or 5, they might ask you to take the initiative to clean up your toys.

Self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose

Question 9

Erikson

School age, 6 to 12

Answer 9

Industry verse inferiority

Ability to work, be competent, and achieve things (which makes since they are in school, where you try to get good grades)

Question 10

Erikson

Adolescence, 12 to 20

Answer 10

Identity verse role confusion

Forming an identity when you’re a teenager

Question 11

Erikson

Early adulthood, 20 to 35 years old

Answer 11

Intimacy vs isolation. The age where most people get married.

Getting married.

If unsuccessful, you’ll be emotionally isolated and start to think everything is about you (egocentric)

Question 12

Erikson

Middle adulthood, 35 to 65

Answer 12

Generativity vs stagnation. You’ve already gotten married and “made it” in life, so what do you do next?

If unsuccessful, you can’t grow as a person and can’t care for others

Question 13

Erikson

late adulthood, 65 and up

Answer 13

Integrity vs despair

Question 14

Psychodynamic theory was initially designed for which kind of disorders

Answer 14

Anxiety, neurosis, phobias, hysteria

Question 15

Principle of Psychic Determinism

Answer 15

All behavior serves a purpose

Question 16

Onset of intellectual disability

Answer 16

Birth

Question 17

Onset of Schizophrenia

Answer 17

Men 18 to 25

Women 25 to 35

Question 18

Onset of MDD

Answer 18

late teens to young adult

Question 19

The 2 types of normal drives in psychodynamic theory

Answer 19

Sexual and aggressive

Question 20

Freud’s Oral stage

Answer 20

0 to 18 months

Schizophrenia, paranoia, substance abuse (the beer bottle pertains to the oral stage)

Question 21

Freud’s Anal stage

Answer 21

18 months to 3 years

Depression

Question 22

Freud’s Phallic stage

Answer 22

3 to 6 years

At this age they satisfy their drives through exhibitionism, masturbation, oedipal complex, they have castration anxiety, and females fear losing their mother’s love.

Sexual identity disorders.

Question 23

Freud’s Latency stage

Answer 23

6 years to puberty

Peer relationships, learning, motor skills develop, socialize

If unsuccessful you can have problems forming relationships

Question 24

Freud’s Genital Stage

Answer 24

Puberty and everything beyond

Combining all the earlier stages.

If unsuccessful, you can have sexual perversion disorders

Question 25

Ego defenses

Answer 25

Become a part of the personality

Promote self esteem and sense of well being

In neurosis, the defenses are used constantly and are fixed

Question 26

Cognitive theory

Answer 26

Piaget

Humans develop through cognition and learning (which is obvious from the name)

Native endowment sets the course for the child’s development

Question 27

The 4 stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory

Answer 27

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete operations

Formal operations

Question 28

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 28

0 to 2 years old

They achieve object permanence

Question 29

Piaget’s Preoperational stage

Answer 29

2 to 7 years old

More extensive use of language and symbolism. Magical thinking.

Question 30

Piaget’s Concrete operations stage

Answer 30

7 to 12 years old

Logical. Understands reversibility and conservation.

Reversibility means something can turn into something else, and back again (like water and ice)

Conservation means even if the shape changes, the amount is still the same

Question 31

Piaget’s Formal operations stage

Answer 31

12 years old to adult

Thinks abstractly, operates more logically

Question 32

Interpersonal Theory

Answer 32

Harry Stack Sullivan

The “Self System” is the total components of personality traits

Behavior is driven by (1) drive for satisfaction (basic needs like sleep and food), and (2) drive for security (conforming to norms).

Mental illness occurs when there’s a disagreement between the self system and the drives (satisfaction and security.

People have anxiety, behavior is used to relieve the anxiety, which then gets Interpersonal Security.

Question 33

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Answer 33

It’s a health model not an illness model

Hunger
Shelter
Friends/Lovers
Self esteem
Self actualize

Question 34

Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal development stages

Answer 34

0 to 18 months - Oral gratification, anxiety occurs for the 1st time
18 months to 6 years - delayed gratification
6 to 9 years - Forming peer relationships
9 to 12 years - Sam-sex relationships
12 to 14 years - Opposite sex relationships
14 to 21 years - Self-identity develops

Question 35

Health Belief Model

Answer 35

Healthy people do not always take advantage of screening and prevention because:

• They think they’re not susceptible
• Thinking the illness isn’t serious
• Perceived benefits of treatment
• Perceived barriers to change
• Expectations of efficacy

Question 36

Self-Efficacy and Social Learning Theory

Answer 36

Bandura

Behavior is the result of cognitive and environmental factors

People learn by observing others, relying on role modeling

The theory talks about self-efficacy

Behavioral change and maintenance depend on outcome expectations and efficacy expectations

Question 37

Nursing Theories: Theory of cultural care

Answer 37

Leininger

Regardless of the culture, care is the essence of nursing

Health and well-being can be predicted through cultural care

Question 38

Nursing Theories: Theory of Self-Care

Answer 38

“Self-Care” means activities that maintain life, health, and well-being

Question 39

Nursing Theories: Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship Theory or Interpersonal Theory

Answer 39

Peplau

This was the 1st psychiatric nursing theory

It’s partially based on Sullivan’s interpersonal theory

Sees nursing as an interpersonal process in which all interventions happen within the nurse-client relationship

It includes 3 phases (Orientation, Working, Termination)

The goal of nursing is promoting adaptive responses

Behavior represents the person trying to adapt to internal or external forces

Question 40

Nursing Theories: Caring Theory

Answer 40

Jean Watson

Caring is an essential part of nursing

“Carative factors” guide the core of nursing and should be implemented in health care

Carative factors are the part of care that allows for therapeutic healing and relationships