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Board Certification 2 (Purple book) > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons

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2
Q

Gray matter

A

Nerve bodies and dendrites

It’s the working area of the brain and contains the synapses

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3
Q

Sulci

A

Small shallow grooves

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4
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves

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5
Q

Gyri

A

raised tissue areas

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6
Q

The most basic division of the is the

A

Cerebrum and brainstem

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7
Q

Cerebrum

A

it’s the largest part of the brain, and it’s divided into the right and left hemispheres

Normal functioning requires coordination between the two hemispheres

Both hemispheres are connected by a large bundle of white matter, which is the corpus callosum.

Each hemisphere is divided into 4 lobes.

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8
Q

Left hemisphere of the cerebrum

A

In most people it’s the dominant side, and controls right sided functions

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9
Q

Corpus callosum

A

the large bundle of white matter between the 2 hemispheres.

It allows for communication between the 2 hemispheres.

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10
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Largest and most developed lobe

Motor function

Association cortex. It uses sensory info to trigger memories and lead to decision making

Executive functioning.

Speaking (Broca’s area)

Personality

Problems with the frontal lobe can effect personality, emotions, and intellect.

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11
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)

Hearing

Memory

Emotion

Integrating vision with other senses

Problems with the temporal lobe cause AVH, aphasia, amnesia

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12
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

It’s the main visual area

Integrates vision with other senses

Problems with this lobe can cause VH and vision problems

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13
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Taste

Reading and writing

Problems with this lobe cause sensory-perceptual disturbances and agnosia (can’t recognize objects/people)

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14
Q

The cerebrum includes

A

the cerebral cortex

limbic system

thalamus

hypothalamus

basal ganglia

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15
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Controls many different behaviors that make us human (speech, cognition, judgement)

Controls the contralateral (opposite) side of the body

Sensory information is relayed from the thalamus and then process in the cortex

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16
Q

Limbic System is composed of

A

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Basal ganglia

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17
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Basic functions:

Appetite, sleep, body temp, sex, hormones, water balance

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18
Q

Thalamus

A

A buffer to calm things down:

Relays information in such a way that the cortex doesn’t get overwhelmed

Regulates emotions

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

Converts short term memory to long term

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20
Q

Amygdala

A

Primitives moods and feelings

connects smell to memories

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21
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Also known as the corpus striatum

Stabilizes motor functions
Initiating movement
Involuntary movements (muscle tone, posture)

Automatic functions that we don’t even think about, like walking or driving

Contains the extrapyramidal system, caudate, and putamen
Problems cause EPS (because it contains the extrapyramidal system)

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22
Q

Brainstem

A

It’s where neurotransmitters are made (it’s the primitive area, and animals need neurotransmitters too)

It includes:

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Reticular formation system
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23
Q

Midbrain

A

The midbrain includes the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra (the areas where DA comes from)

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24
Q

Pons

A

The pons houses the locus ceruleus (where NE comes from)

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25
Medulla
The medulla works with the pons, contains autonomic control centers that regulate body functions
26
Cerebellum
Equilibrium and balance It has 2 hemispheres, each hemisphere controls the same side of the body that the hemisphere is on Problems with the cerebellum are detected with the Romberg test
27
Reticular Formation system
Known as, the primitive brain Gets input from the cortex and integrates postsensory pathways Innervates thalamus, hypothalamus, and cortex Involuntary movement, reflex, muscle tone, vital signs, alertness, focus
28
Two classes of cells are in the nervous system
Glia and neurons
29
Glia
They form myelin sheaths and nourish other cells
30
Depolarization
the excitatory part, when sodium and calcium flow into the cell
31
The four categories of neurotransmitters
Monoamines Amino acids Cholinergics Neuropeptides
32
What makes something a neurotransmitter
It's present in the nerve terminal stimulating the neuron causes the transmitter to be released and have an affect on the next neuron Effects of exogenous transmitter causes similar effect as the endogenous transmitter There's a mechanism for inactivating the transmitter in the synapse when it completes its task Exogenous drugs alter the dose-response curve
33
The 4 monoamines (aka biogenic amines)
DA 5HT NE epinephrine
34
Dopamine (not the functions, just basics)
Known as catecholamine Precursor to tyrosine Comes from the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental Removed from the synapse by MAO
35
The 4 DA pathways
Mesolimbic Mesocortical Tuberoinfundibular Nigrostriatal
36
NE (not the functions, just basics)
also called catecholamine Precursor is tyrosine Removed from the synapse by reuptake
37
Epinephrine (not the functions, just basics)
Also called catecholamine comes from adrenal glands
38
Serotonin (not the functions, just basics)
also called indole precursor is tryptophan
39
The 4 Amino acids
Glutamate Aspartate GABA Glycine
40
Glutamate (not the functions, just basics)
It's the universal excitatory transmitter Major neuron involved in the kindling process, which is the cause of seizure disorders and bipolar An imbalance in glutamate can cause mood disorders and schizophrenia
41
Aspartate (not the functions, just basics)
also an excitatory transmitter, it works with glutamate
42
GABA (not the functions, just basics)
Universal inhibitory neurotransmitter It's where benzos have their action, and also alcohol, barbituates, CNS depressants
43
Gylcine (not the functions, just basics)
Another inhibitory transmitter, it works with GABA
44
Cholinergics (not the functions, just basics)
Acetylcholine It comes from the basal nucleus of Meynert The precursors are acetylcoenzyme and choline
45
Neuropeptides (not the functions, just basics)
Non-opioid type (substance P, somatostatin), opioid type (endorphins, enkephalins, dynophins) The modulate pain Decreased neuropeptides is thought to cause substance abuse
46
Enzymatic destruction of neurotransmitters
It happens in the cytosol or in the synapse They are destroyed with MAO or catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)
47
Psychiatric presentation: decreased acetylcholine
``` alzheimer's impaired memory Speech deficit Uninhibited Euphoria ``` Antisocial behavior Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation
48
Psychiatric presentation: increased acetylcholine
Extrapyramidal movements Parkinson's symptoms drooling somatic complaints Overly inhibited and self conscious anxiety depression
49
Psychiatric presentation: too little DA
Parkinson's Substance abuse Anhedonia Poor impulse control Poor spatiality Lack of abstract thought
50
Psychiatric presentation: too little NE
depression dullness low energy
51
Psychiatric presentation: too much NE
anxiety hyperalert/startles paranoid decreased appetite
52
Psychiatric presentation: too little serotonin
``` depression OCD anxiety Schizophrenia irritable hostile sleep problems decreased appetite decrease libido ```
53
Psychiatric presentation: too little GABA
anxiety irritable hostile seizures
54
Psychiatric presentation: too much glutamate
``` BP Psychosis Kindling seizures anxiety ```
55
Psychiatric presentation: Too little glutamate
memory and learning problems low energy distractible Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
56
Psychiatric presentation: too little opioid neuropeptides
substance abuse hypersensitive to pain decreased pleasure dyphoria
57
Dopamine (function)
``` thinking decisions reward seeking fine muscle control Integrated cognition ```
58
NE functions
Fight or flight ``` Alertness Focus Orientation Learning Memory ```
59
Serotonin functions
``` Mood Sleep Libido Pain perception Regulating aggression ``` Temperature Precursor for melatonin
60
Acetylcholine functions
Attention Memory Mood Thirst REM sleep sex muscle tone
61
GABA functions
Reduces arousal Reduces aggression Reduces anxiety Reduces excitement
62
Glutamate functions
Memory | Sustained automatic functions
63
Opioid peptides functions
Modulate emotions Reward center Memory
64
Psychiatric presentation: too much DA
improved creativity improved abstract thinking improved executive functioning Improved spatiality
65
psychiatric presentation: too much serotonin
Rare hallucinations Aggression sedation
66
Psychiatric presentation: too much GABA
Sedation impaired memory reduced cellular excitability
67
Psychiatric presentation: too much opioid neuropeptides
Insensitive to pain catatonic AH impaired memory
68
The 3 basic categories of neuroimaging
Structural Functional Structural + Functional
69
Structural imaging types
Computed Tomography (CT) MRI
70
CT scan
a structural imaging technique It paints a picture based on which areas are the most dense It can tell you, maybe, if there's a brain based problem, but it doesn't tell you anything specific about a psych disorder. Good: It's cheap and everyone has the equipment Bad: Not that sensitive. Can't differentiate white from gray. Can't see things close to the bone, can't see brain atrophy, can't see sagittal and coronal views.
71
MRI
It's a kind of structural imaging It works by giving you a series of 2 dimensional images. Good: Everyone has the equipment, you can see things close to the skull, you can tell whats white and whats gray, and it has better resolution than a CT. Bad: Expensive, many contraindications (pacemakers and other metallic stuff), claustrophobic.
72
Functional imaging types (mainly used for research)
EEG MEG (Magnetoencephalography) SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) PET (positron emission tomography)
73
EEG
Least expensive Tells you about the electrical functioning in the CNS
74
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Similarr to the EEG but detects different electrical activities, often used together with EEG
75
SPECT
Tells you about the cerebral blood flow, expensive (but cheaper than PET), not everyone has the equipment,
76
PET scan
It works by positrons interacting with electrons. It's very expensive and requires a whole team to operate it.
77
Combined structural and functioning imaging
fMRI 3D event-related fMRI Fluorine magnetic spectroscopy
78
NE receptors
a1 | a2
79
Acetylcholine receptors
Nicotinic | Muscarinic
80
GABA receptors
GABAa | GABAb
81
Glutamate receptors
AMPA | NMDA
82
Autosomal dominant conditions
may be present in more than 1 generation and in up to 50% of offspring when 1 parent is affected (such as Marfan syndrome)
83
Recessive conditions
They appear only in 1 generation, affecting people who have 2 copies of the faulty gene, one from each unaffected parent. (hemochromatosis, cystic fibrosis)
84
X-linked disorders
They are caused by faulty genes on an X chromosome (fragile X syndrome, color blindness)
85
Risk assessment for genetic disorders is based on
inheritance patterns and may be expressed in a percentage of risk
86
Genetics over view
There are 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs The 4 bases of DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. A is paired with T. mRNA codes for amino acids The genome is a complete set of DNA A phenotype is the observable characteristics (for example, someone is a fast metabolizer of the CYP450 meds) Gene therapy is when a faulty gene is replaced with a healthy one Personalized medicine is health care based on genetics
87
Gene expression and Disease
Single nucleotide polymorphisms detect single based changes in DNA sequence Reduced penetrance of a gene decreases changes of disease in person at genetic risk Variable expression of a gene for a disorder occurs at the cellular level
88
HLA-B 1502 allele
The FDA requires testing for these allele in Asians taking carbamazepine

Board Certification 2 (Purple book) (22 decks)

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