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Biology 224 > Theme 9 Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Theme 9 Sensory Systems Flashcards

Sensory Systems

1
Q

Senses send signals to the:

A

CNS

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2
Q

What are the 7 senses?

A 
sight
hear
taste
touch
smell
balance
temperature+pain
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3
Q

Define Sensory Transduction

A

incoming stimuli are converted into neural signals.

convert chemical or physical stimuli into neural signal.

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4
Q

In a sensory neuron, what causes an action potential?

A

when the stimulus is strong enough

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5
Q

T or F: amount of depolarization is directly related to intensity of stimulus.

A

True

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6
Q

Frequency of Action potentials, tells us the _______ of a stimulus.

A

Strength

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7
Q

Strong stimulus generates _____ action potentials in a shorter amount of time.

A

more

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8
Q

A specialized epithelial cell is an example of what type of receptor?

A

sensory

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9
Q

What are all the sense Receptors?

A 
"Men That Never Enjoy Purple Colors"
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nocireceptors or pain receptors
Electromagnetic receptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
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10
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

transduce mechanical energy

physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor opens ion channels.

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11
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to cold and heat.

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12
Q

Nociceptors or pain receptors

A

repsond to extreme heat , cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids.

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13
Q

Electromagnetic Receptors

A

detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum

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14
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to visual light energy

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15
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to specific chemicals.

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors can be neurons or …

A

specialized epithelial cells

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17
Q

Skin Receptor corpuscles

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles

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18
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

sense touch and light pressure

lie just beneath skin

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19
Q

Pacinian corpuscles & Ruffini corpuscles

A

located deeper in the surface

respond to deep pressure and vibration.

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20
Q

Stretch receptors are commonly found where?

A

in the walls of organs that can be distended;

stretching deforms them and they depolarize.

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21
Q

What happens in the stomach to determine fullness?

A

stretching (stretch receptors)

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22
Q

Specialized epithelial cells

A

Deformable stereocilia resemble hairs;

whens hair bend ion channels open and close;

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23
Q

where are specialized epithelial cells found?

A

ear;
equilibrium organs;
body surface of fish;
some amphibians

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24
Q

Audition (sound)

A

able to interpret sound waves

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25
Pitch is equal to: wavelength, frequency, or amplitude?
pitch is frequency.
26
Outer Ear organs:
pinna auditory canal tympanic membrane (ear drum)
27
Middle ear organs:
Ossicles;
28
What makes up the Ossicles?
``` hammer anvil stirrup *connect eardrum to oval window eustachian tube - equalizes pressure ```
29
Inner ear organs:
cochlea | vestibular system
30
The cochlea
auditory portion of the ear; | filled with watery liquid that moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear;
31
Describe the passage of sound as it enters the ear :
``` enters outer ear: Pinna Tympanic Membrane Ossicles Oval window Cochlea vestibular canal tympanic canal sounds we hear pass through basilar membrane ```
32
Organ of Corti
specialized structures that respond to fluid borne vibrations in the cochlea with a shearing vector in the cochlear hair cells.
33
What organ in the ear converts pressure waves into action potentials?
organ of Corti
34
What ions are permeable to the shear on the hairs of the organ of Corti?
K+ and Ca+2
35
Glutamate is released as a neurotransmitter in what organ of the ear?
organ of Corti
36
T or F: ganglion nerves send signals from the ear to the auditory cortex of the brain
True
37
T or F: In the organ if corti, hairs bending in one direction sends an action potential, in the other direction it also sends an action potential at a higher frequency.
False; one way sends action potentials; the other way shuts off neurotransmitters.
38
The frequency of action potentials is determined by vibrations in the basilar membrane in what direction?
up and down
39
Basilar membrane
formed by thin elastic fibers tensed across the cochlear duct;
40
Under tension "these" fibers can vibrate like the strings of a musical instrument
fibers of the Basilar membrane
41
T or F: The basilar membrane: close to the stapes, and become longer and sparse towards the apex of the choclea
True
42
what joins the 2 portions of the spiral canal?
foraman
43
High frequency waves vibrate the _____ and rigid fibers near the oval and round windows of the cochlea;
short
44
Low frequency waves vibrate the ___ longer more resilient fibers near the ned of the coclea.
longer
45
the cochlea amplifies incoming ______
vibrations
46
Motors which supply mechanical amplification are:
outer hair cells
47
what structure is compared to the strings of a guitar?
basilar membrane
48
T or F: the mammalian ear can "tune in" many frequencies simultaneously
true
49
Endolymph
the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear main cation is Potassium.
50
What is carried as the depolarizing electrical current in the hair cells?
Potassium
51
Endolymph has ____ (more or less) positive potential in the cochlea relative to perilymph;
more : 80 - 120 mV
52
Where is the largest electrical potential different found in the body?
endolymph to hair cell in the ear.
53
Perilymph
extracellular fluid located within the cochlea in two compartments.
54
What are the 2 compartments Perilymph are located in?
scala tympani | scala vestibuli
55
The composition of Perilymph is comparable to that of what two other fluids?
plasma | cerebrospinal fluid CSF
56
The major cation in Perilymph
Sodium (Na+)
57
what mammals use low frequencies to communicate over great distances?
elephants and baleen whales
58
whats the range of frequencies that humans can hear at?
20 - 20000 Hz
59
Proprioception
ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body.
60
What do aquatic invertebrates use to send positional information? (proprioception)
statocysts
61
statocysts
small round structures made of hair cells and statoliths (dense object)
62
What parts of the Vestibular system (in vertebrates ) detect linear movements of the head?
Utricle and saccule
63
What detects motion in 3 dimensional planes?
Semicircular canals
64
Otoliths
small particles composed of a combination of a gelatinous matrix and calcium carbonate in the viscous fluid of the saccule and utricle;
65
What are otoliths made up of?
calcium carbonate gelatinous matrix viscous fluid from the saccule and utricle
66
Otoliths are made up of approximately how many stereocilia hairs?
40-70
67
On otoliths, What are the names of the hairs that connect to afferent nerves?
Kinocilium.
68
Thermoreception
respond to hot and colt temperatures by altering membrane channels
69
what are the 2 types of thermoreceptors?
hot and cold
70
do thermoreceptors have free neuron endings?
yes
71
Nociceptors
respond to tissue damage, or stimuli about to cause tissue damage.
72
where are nociceptors located?
free neuronal endings in skin and internal organs
73
Electromagnetic sensing
photoreceptors convert electromagnetic radiation in the form of light into biological signals
74
T of F: Electromagnetic sensing convert earth's magnetic field or geomagnetic field into biological signals
true
75
Magnetite
ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4 | ferrous oxide
76
what is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on earth?
Magnetite
77
What attracts small pieces of iron?
magnetite
78
what was used by ancient people who first noticed the property of magnetism?
Magnetite
79
T of F: Electromagnetic sensing includes wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli
true
80
What animals use magnetite to navigate home?
Homing pidgeons
81
Pit vipers sense ____ from prey
heat as infrared radiation
82
Platypus bill and fish detect ___ ___ from prey and other fish.
electrical currents

Biology 224 (9 decks)

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