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Biology 224 > Theme 9 Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Theme 9 Sensory Systems Flashcards

Sensory Systems

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1
Q

Senses send signals to the:

A

CNS

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2
Q

What are the 7 senses?

A 
sight
hear
taste
touch
smell
balance
temperature+pain
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3
Q

Define Sensory Transduction

A

incoming stimuli are converted into neural signals.

convert chemical or physical stimuli into neural signal.

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4
Q

In a sensory neuron, what causes an action potential?

A

when the stimulus is strong enough

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5
Q

T or F: amount of depolarization is directly related to intensity of stimulus.

A

True

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6
Q

Frequency of Action potentials, tells us the _______ of a stimulus.

A

Strength

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7
Q

Strong stimulus generates _____ action potentials in a shorter amount of time.

A

more

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8
Q

A specialized epithelial cell is an example of what type of receptor?

A

sensory

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9
Q

What are all the sense Receptors?

A 
"Men That Never Enjoy Purple Colors"
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Nocireceptors or pain receptors
Electromagnetic receptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
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10
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

transduce mechanical energy

physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor opens ion channels.

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11
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

respond to cold and heat.

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12
Q

Nociceptors or pain receptors

A

repsond to extreme heat , cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids.

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13
Q

Electromagnetic Receptors

A

detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum

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14
Q

Photoreceptors

A

respond to visual light energy

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15
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

respond to specific chemicals.

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors can be neurons or …

A

specialized epithelial cells

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17
Q

Skin Receptor corpuscles

A

Meissner’s corpuscles
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini corpuscles

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18
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

sense touch and light pressure

lie just beneath skin

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19
Q

Pacinian corpuscles & Ruffini corpuscles

A

located deeper in the surface

respond to deep pressure and vibration.

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20
Q

Stretch receptors are commonly found where?

A

in the walls of organs that can be distended;

stretching deforms them and they depolarize.

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21
Q

What happens in the stomach to determine fullness?

A

stretching (stretch receptors)

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22
Q

Specialized epithelial cells

A

Deformable stereocilia resemble hairs;

whens hair bend ion channels open and close;

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23
Q

where are specialized epithelial cells found?

A

ear;
equilibrium organs;
body surface of fish;
some amphibians

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24
Q

Audition (sound)

A

able to interpret sound waves

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25
Q

Pitch is equal to: wavelength, frequency, or amplitude?

A

pitch is frequency.

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26
Q

Outer Ear organs:

A

pinna
auditory canal
tympanic membrane (ear drum)

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27
Q

Middle ear organs:

A

Ossicles;

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28
Q

What makes up the Ossicles?

A 
hammer
anvil
stirrup
*connect eardrum to oval window
eustachian tube - equalizes pressure
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29
Q

Inner ear organs:

A

cochlea

vestibular system

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30
Q

The cochlea

A

auditory portion of the ear;

filled with watery liquid that moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear;

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31
Q

Describe the passage of sound as it enters the ear :

A 
enters outer ear:
Pinna
Tympanic Membrane
Ossicles 
Oval window
Cochlea
vestibular canal
tympanic canal
sounds we hear pass through basilar membrane
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32
Q

Organ of Corti

A

specialized structures that respond to fluid borne vibrations in the cochlea with a shearing vector in the cochlear hair cells.

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33
Q

What organ in the ear converts pressure waves into action potentials?

A

organ of Corti

34
Q

What ions are permeable to the shear on the hairs of the organ of Corti?

A

K+ and Ca+2

35
Q

Glutamate is released as a neurotransmitter in what organ of the ear?

A

organ of Corti

36
Q

T or F: ganglion nerves send signals from the ear to the auditory cortex of the brain

A

True

37
Q

T or F: In the organ if corti, hairs bending in one direction sends an action potential, in the other direction it also sends an action potential at a higher frequency.

A

False; one way sends action potentials; the other way shuts off neurotransmitters.

38
Q

The frequency of action potentials is determined by vibrations in the basilar membrane in what direction?

A

up and down

39
Q

Basilar membrane

A

formed by thin elastic fibers tensed across the cochlear duct;

40
Q

Under tension “these” fibers can vibrate like the strings of a musical instrument

A

fibers of the Basilar membrane

41
Q

T or F: The basilar membrane: close to the stapes, and become longer and sparse towards the apex of the choclea

A

True

42
Q

what joins the 2 portions of the spiral canal?

A

foraman

43
Q

High frequency waves vibrate the _____ and rigid fibers near the oval and round windows of the cochlea;

A

short

44
Q

Low frequency waves vibrate the ___ longer more resilient fibers near the ned of the coclea.

A

longer

45
Q

the cochlea amplifies incoming ______

A

vibrations

46
Q

Motors which supply mechanical amplification are:

A

outer hair cells

47
Q

what structure is compared to the strings of a guitar?

A

basilar membrane

48
Q

T or F: the mammalian ear can “tune in” many frequencies simultaneously

A

true

49
Q

Endolymph

A

the fluid contained in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear
main cation is Potassium.

50
Q

What is carried as the depolarizing electrical current in the hair cells?

A

Potassium

51
Q

Endolymph has ____ (more or less) positive potential in the cochlea relative to perilymph;

A

more : 80 - 120 mV

52
Q

Where is the largest electrical potential different found in the body?

A

endolymph to hair cell in the ear.

53
Q

Perilymph

A

extracellular fluid located within the cochlea in two compartments.

54
Q

What are the 2 compartments Perilymph are located in?

A

scala tympani

scala vestibuli

55
Q

The composition of Perilymph is comparable to that of what two other fluids?

A

plasma

cerebrospinal fluid CSF

56
Q

The major cation in Perilymph

A

Sodium (Na+)

57
Q

what mammals use low frequencies to communicate over great distances?

A

elephants and baleen whales

58
Q

whats the range of frequencies that humans can hear at?

A

20 - 20000 Hz

59
Q

Proprioception

A

ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of the body.

60
Q

What do aquatic invertebrates use to send positional information? (proprioception)

A

statocysts

61
Q

statocysts

A

small round structures made of hair cells and statoliths (dense object)

62
Q

What parts of the Vestibular system (in vertebrates ) detect linear movements of the head?

A

Utricle and saccule

63
Q

What detects motion in 3 dimensional planes?

A

Semicircular canals

64
Q

Otoliths

A

small particles composed of a combination of a gelatinous matrix and calcium carbonate in the viscous fluid of the saccule and utricle;

65
Q

What are otoliths made up of?

A

calcium carbonate
gelatinous matrix
viscous fluid from the saccule and utricle

66
Q

Otoliths are made up of approximately how many stereocilia hairs?

A

40-70

67
Q

On otoliths, What are the names of the hairs that connect to afferent nerves?

A

Kinocilium.

68
Q

Thermoreception

A

respond to hot and colt temperatures by altering membrane channels

69
Q

what are the 2 types of thermoreceptors?

A

hot and cold

70
Q

do thermoreceptors have free neuron endings?

A

yes

71
Q

Nociceptors

A

respond to tissue damage, or stimuli about to cause tissue damage.

72
Q

where are nociceptors located?

A

free neuronal endings in skin and internal organs

73
Q

Electromagnetic sensing

A

photoreceptors convert electromagnetic radiation in the form of light into biological signals

74
Q

T of F: Electromagnetic sensing convert earth’s magnetic field or geomagnetic field into biological signals

A

true

75
Q

Magnetite

A

ferrimagnetic mineral with chemical formula Fe3O4

ferrous oxide

76
Q

what is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on earth?

A

Magnetite

77
Q

What attracts small pieces of iron?

A

magnetite

78
Q

what was used by ancient people who first noticed the property of magnetism?

A

Magnetite

79
Q

T of F: Electromagnetic sensing includes wavelengths that correspond to visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light, as well as electrical and magnetic stimuli

A

true

80
Q

What animals use magnetite to navigate home?

A

Homing pidgeons

81
Q

Pit vipers sense ____ from prey

A

heat as infrared radiation

82
Q

Platypus bill and fish detect ___ ___ from prey and other fish.

A

electrical currents

Biology 224 (9 decks)

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