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Biology 224 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Internal circulation in __________ cavity of coelenterates - E.g. Hydra

A

Gastrovascular

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2
Q

_____ circulation is found in insects and arthropods.

A

open

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3
Q

______ bathes organs in open sinuses - ___ (some/many/no) possibility of differential organ blood flow.

A

Hemolymph; no

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4
Q

Open system organisms such as insects have no _____.

A

pigment

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5
Q

A ______ invertebrate system contains a heart with interstitial fluid and small ____(branched/unbranched) vessels in each organ.

A

branched

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6
Q

closed system organism have red ____. (hemoglobin)

A

pigment

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7
Q

T or F: If an organism contains no hemolymph sinus it is an open system organism.

A

False; it is a closed system.

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8
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Single atrium and ventricle filled with deoxygenated blood - accessory bulbus cordis in some fish

A

Single Series System

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9
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

No coronary circulation - heart muscle supplied with O2 from deoxygenated blood in chambers limits pumping power

A

Single Series system

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10
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

L (oxygenated blood) and R (largely deoxygenated blood) atria, single spongy ventricle

A

Parallel system

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11
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Pulmocutaneous artery has pulmonary and cutaneous branches

A

Parallel system

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12
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

> O2 exchange at lung, > CO2 exchange at skin - relative blood flow can be adjusted at 1

A

Parallel system

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13
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Complete separation of pulmonary and systemic blood

A

Double series circulation

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14
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Double series circulation
Complete separation of pulmonary and systemic blood
Heart muscle supplied with oxygen by a branch of the systemic circulation - coronary arteries

A

double series circulation

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15
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Ventricle generates relatively low
pressure in ventral aorta which contains deoxygenated blood

A

Single Series system

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16
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

High gill resistance to blood flow means further large pressure drop at gills

A

Single series system

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17
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Flow has to be equal in the pulmonary and systemic circulations, or one would become volume loaded compared to the other (Starlings’ law of heart)

A

Double Series circulation

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18
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Therefore cardiac output (5L/min) in man can be measured by doubling flow rate to one lung

A

Double series circulation

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19
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Good flow separation in single ventricle - laminar flow - little mixing

A

parallel system

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20
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Spiral valve in truncus maintains separation so oxygenated blood goes to tissues in aorta, relatively deoxygenated blood to lung and skin

A

parallel system

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21
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Cardiac output (ml/min) can be different in systemic and pulmocutaneous circulations by adjusting relative resistance at 2

A

parallel system

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22
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Adapted to periodic ventilation - blood diverted to lung while breathing and away from lung during apnea.

A

parallel system

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23
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Advantage is that systemic circulation can operate at a high arterial pressure so that flow can be selective to organs and tissues

A

double series circulation

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24
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Pulmonary circulation is a low pressure, low resistance circuit

A

double series circulation

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25
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

Low pressure in dorsal aorta limits ability to differentially distribute blood to tissues in response to demand

A

single series system

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26
Q

Single Series vs Parallel vs Double Series :

intermittnely breathes; not always breathing.

A

parallel system

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27
Q

T or F: Blood vessel structure is related to function

A

True

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28
Q

Arteries have _____ (thicker/thinner) walls to hold high pressure.

A

thicker

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29
Q

T or F: Vein and Artery passages are around the same diameter.

A

True

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30
Q

veins can store ____. They are collapseable and 70% of blood resides in veins.

A

blood.

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31
Q

Central arteries are like balloons and 2/3 valves in the heart are closed. _____ pump the rest of the time.

A

arteries

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32
Q

Central Artery wall stained to show medial layer with elastic fenestrated ______

A

laminae

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33
Q

capillaries are ___ cells thick.

A

one

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34
Q

Venous return of blood to heart is aided by limb muscle _____ and valves

A

pumps

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35
Q

a large vein contains _____ (few/many) layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue.

A

few

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36
Q

a large artery contains _____ (few/many) layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue.

A

many

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37
Q

a Venule contains _____ (few/many/ no ) smooth muscle fibers.

A

none

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38
Q

a Fenestrated capillary caries blood ____ (toward/away) from the heart and it contains capillary ____. liver (leaker)

A

toward ; pores

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39
Q

continuous capillaries carry blood ____ (toward/away) from the heart

A

away

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40
Q

advantage of ______ system is ability of differential tissue perfusion via capillary beds

A

closed

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41
Q

_____ (animals) use single series circulation.

A

fish

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42
Q

_____ (animals) use parallel circulation.

A

amphibian

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43
Q

_____ (animals) use double series circulation.

A

birds and mammals

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44
Q

large arteries are ______ (elastic/inelastic).

A

elastic

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45
Q

small arteries have ______ (more/fewer) elastic fibres.

A

fewer

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46
Q

Veins are relatively thin walled and _________ - contain _____

A

collapsable; valves

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47
Q

Capillary walls are composed of a single layer of Capillary walls are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells_______ cells

A

endothelial

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48
Q

Arteries _______ (increase/decrease) pulse pressure, are conduit vessels, arterioles control local flow by varying ______.

capillaries have ______(low/high) surface area for exchange with tissues - e.g. O2.

A

decrease; resistance;

high

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49
Q

Veins and venules are both conductance and _______vessels

A

capacitance

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50
Q

pulmonary veins transport blood _______(to/from) the heart.

A

to

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51
Q

pulmonary arteries transport blood _____ (to/from) the heart.

A

from.

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52
Q

T or F: ventricles of the heart actually wrap around eachother.

A

true

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53
Q

Atrial/ventricular valves are ______(active/passive), as are the pulmonary and aortic outflow valves

A

passive

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54
Q

Artificial heart valves work _____ (passively /actively)

A

passively

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55
Q

The _______ consists of small, modified muscle cells which generate the electrical signal that controls the heart.

A

SA node (sino-atrial node)

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56
Q

Cardiac pacemaker is a group of specialized _____ (nervous /muscle) cells.

A

muscle

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57
Q

T or F: Sino-atrial node is intrinsically leaky

A

true

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58
Q

Pathway of depolarization:

(1) Depolarize atria:

__ ____ depolarizes and signals the AV node.

A

SA node

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59
Q

Pathway of depolarization:

(2) Depolarize _____ from left to right

A

septum

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60
Q

Pathway of depolarization:

(3) depolarize anteroseptal region of _______ toward the apex.

A

myocardium

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61
Q

Pathway of depolarization:

(4) Depolarize bulk of ventricular myocardium, from endocardium to ________.

A

epicardium

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62
Q

Pathway of depolarization:

(5) Depolarize posterior portion of base of the____ (left/right) ventricle.

A

left

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63
Q

The Bundle of ___ are the left and right branches.

A

His

64
Q

The ECG measures ______ events in the heart

A

electrical

65
Q

SA node is located in the ______ atrium

A

right

66
Q

P wave : ____ (ventricular/atrial) excitation (depolarization) This is during _______ (systole/diastole)

A

atrial; diastole

67
Q

QRS complex : _______ excitation (depolarization) This begins systole

A

ventricular

68
Q

T wave: ends systole; its ventricular ________ (depolarization/repolarization)

A

repolarization

69
Q

ECG is a non-invasive way to spot abnormal _________ – “heart block”

A

conduction

70
Q

A Normal Sinus Rhythm has a regular R-R interval and a normal __ interval.

A

PR

71
Q

A Frist-Degree block has a _____ R-R interval and a long PR interval.

A

long

72
Q

Second-Degree Block Type I has a ____ PR then a longer PR then NO __. PR begins again at normal interval.

A

long; R

73
Q

Second Degree Block: type II normal PR followed by NO __.

A

R

74
Q

Third Degree block: ___ is superimposed.

A

P

75
Q

Flow and pressures in mammalian aorta of the heart? ____ / ___

A

120/80 mmHg

76
Q

Mitral Valve closes&raquo_space; __________&raquo_space;_____ valve closes&raquo_space; _____ valve opens.

A

Aortic Valve opens; Aortic; Mitral valve opens.

77
Q

P wave&raquo_space; _____&raquo_space; T wave

A

QRS complex

78
Q

Cardiac contraction is _____, meaning it is an intrinsic property of cardiac muscle cells

A

myogenic

79
Q

Cells of the sino-atrial node (SA) node are the __________ cells –they spontaneously depolarize. They are specialized muscle cells that lack actin/myosin and drive depolarization in ordinary cardiac muscle

A

pacemaker

80
Q

Depolarization spreads from cell membrane to cell membrane, via______ disks – low electrical resistance pathways

A

intercalated

81
Q

Specialized electrical conduction pathways allow coordinated contraction of the ____ and ____ in the heart.

A

atria and ventricles

82
Q

Slow electrical conduction at the__________ node gives time for the ventricles to fill before contracting

A

atrio-ventricular (AV)

83
Q

_______ activity can be recorded by surface electrodes as the ECG – heart blocks can be detected

A

Electrical

84
Q

Relationship between electrical and mechanical events in the cardiac cycle for the left ventricle - Ventricle fills&raquo_space; ________ contraction&raquo_space; ventricular ________&raquo_space; isovolumetric ________&raquo_space; ventricular filling

A

ventricular; ejection; relaxation;

85
Q

A clinically useful way of looking at the heart is the pressure-volume loop for the ventricle – QRS complex coincides with ___________ contraction

A

iso-volumetric

86
Q

During the isovolumetric contraction which valve closes? which valve opens?

A

mitral valve closes; aortic valve opens;

87
Q

at the end of ventricular ejection the _____ valve closes.

A

aortic

88
Q

During Isovolumetric relaxation the ____ valve opens

A

mitral valve

89
Q

Basic Physics of the circulation:

Blood _______ is determined by total cross sectional area

A

velocity

90
Q

Basic Physics of the circulation:

Cardiac output is determined using ________ and __________

A

heart rate; stroke volume

91
Q

Basic Physics of the circulation:

Arterial pressure and Ohm’s law – uses what 2 variables?

A

pressure flow and resistance

92
Q

Basic Physics of the circulation:

Arterioles and Poiseuille’s law uses what 2 variables?

A

radius and flow resistance

93
Q

Basic Physics of the circulation:

__________ as an endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF) for erections.

A

Nitric Oxide

94
Q

Formula: Pulse Pressure = ______ - ______

A

P systolic - P diastolic

95
Q

The aorta _______(increases/dampens) pressure and flow pulses by storing volume in diastole

This is observed in the “________ model” of the Aorta.

A

dampens

Windkessel

96
Q

VELOCITY OF BLOOD FLOW IS __________ (DIRECTLY/INVERSELY) RELATED TO TOTAL CROSS SECTIONAL AREA

A

INVERSELY

97
Q

DEFINE: Cardiac Output:

A

the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL blood/min).

98
Q

Define : stroke volume

A

the volume of blood (mL) , pumped out of the heart with each beat.

99
Q

If you increase heart rate what happens to cardiac output?

A

it increases

100
Q

If you decrease stroke volume what happens to cardiac output?

A

decreases

101
Q

Formula: Cardiac Output (mL/min) = _______ x ________

A

heart rate(beats/min) x stroke volume (mL/beat)

102
Q

Person has a resting heart rate of 70 beats/minute and a resting stroke volume of 70 mL/beat. The cardiac output for this person at rest is:

A

Cardiac Output = 70 (beats/min) X 70 (mL/beat) = 4900 mL/minute.

103
Q

Total volume of blood in the circulatory system of an average person is about ___ liters

A

5 L

104
Q

cardiac output can increase up to __ fold

A

7

105
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) can be determined by what 2 variables?

A

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

106
Q

Formula : MAP = ______ x _______

What is the name of this formula?

A

Cardiac Output X Total Peripheral Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

107
Q

Cardiac output is a measure of blood flow into the arterial system. Blood flow is directly proportional to ______.

A

pressure

(Flow = pressure/resistance),

108
Q

Total _______ ______ (TPR): Blood vessels provide resistance to the flow of blood because of friction between moving ______ and the ____ of the vessel.

A

Peripheral Resistance;

blood ; wall;

109
Q

Because of their small radii, ________ provide the greatest resistance to blood flow.

A

arterioles

110
Q

Resistance and pressure are ________ ( directly/indirectly) proportional to each other.

A

directly

111
Q

When arterioles vasoconstrict, TPR ________(decreases/increases), which causes MAP to ________(decrease/increase).

A

increases; increases

112
Q

Example: Mean arterial pressure is 100 mm Hg Cardiac output is 5000 ml/minute

What is the resistance?

A

P = Q x R (Ohms law) R = P/Q
R = 100/5000
= 0.02 mmHg/ml/min (PRU or peripheral resistance units)

113
Q

Radius of ______ (the most important

factor controlling TPR)

A

arterioles

114
Q

The relationships between factors that effect resistance to blood flow are described by ________ Law.

A

Poiseuille’s

115
Q

Of all of the factors that effect blood flow, the _______ of the blood vessel is the most potent.

A

radius

116
Q

rs that effect blood flow, the radius of the blood vessel is the most potent. Blood flow is proportional to the 4th power of vessel radius. This means that if the radius of a blood vessel doubles (by vasodilation) then the flow will increase ___ fold.

A

16

117
Q

el is reduced by half (by vasoconstriction), then the blood flow will be reduced ___ fold.

A

16

118
Q

EDRF ______(constricts/relaxes) vessels and reduces MAP by ______(increasing/reducing) TPR

A

relaxes ; reducing

119
Q

Muscle + endothelium + Ach = ________(contraction/dilation)

A

dilation

120
Q

Muscle + no endothelium + Ach = ________(contraction/dilation)

A

contraction

121
Q

(Sandwich) Muscle 1 + endothelium + Muscle 2 + Ach = ________(contraction/dilation)

A

dilation.

122
Q

Pulse pressure is ______(increased/reduced) by the elastic properties of the aorta

A

reduced

123
Q

Flow velocity is _____(greatest/least) in the capillaries.

A

least

124
Q

______ are the resistance vessels and cause the largest pressure drop

A

Arterioles

125
Q

Ohm’s Law relates cardiac output(blood flow), _______ and mean arterial pressure (MAP) to each other

A

resistance

126
Q

The most important factor determining flow resistance of a capillary bed is ________ ______. This can be changed by smooth muscle activity

A

arteriole radius;

127
Q

EDRF (Example: ___ gas) is normally produced by the endothelium. This dilates vessels, reduces ________ and MAP (mean arterial pressure)

A

NO gas; resistance

128
Q

The cerebral circulation autoregulates almost perfectly between mean blood pressures of __ and 130 mm Hg

A

60

129
Q

If there is greater blood pressure, there is ____(less/more) constriction.

A

more

130
Q

USUALLY MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (MAP) IS WELL – REGULATED AT ABOUT _____mm Hg

A

100

131
Q

__________ - sense stretch of elastic artery wall in systole

These are located on both the ______ and the _____ artery.

A

Baroreceptors

Aorta ; carotid artery

132
Q

Carotid Sinus receptors linke to the ________ Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX)

A

Glossopharyngeal

133
Q

The Aortic Arch Baroreceptors connect to the _________ (Cranial Nerve X)

A

Vagus Nerve

134
Q

CAROTID BARORECEPTORS ARE ___________ RECEPTORS LOCATED IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE SURROUNDING THE CAROTID SINUS (ADVENTITIA).

They read _____ and respond to ______

A

STRETCH

pressure; stretch

135
Q

Nerve impulses from baroreceptors _________ (increase/decrease) as MAP rises and __________(increase/decrease) if MAP falls

A

increase; decrease

136
Q

Baroreceptors : more stretch = _____(more/less) firing

A

more

137
Q

Baroreceptors are the most sensitive around _______ (high/low/normal) blood pressure

A

normal

138
Q

CS hyper sensitivity syndrome prohibits any ______ ______.

A

neck stroking

139
Q

________– ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM – LONGTERM REGULATION OF MEAN _________ PRESSURE

A

Renin; arteriole

140
Q

___________________ (ANP) – REGULATION OF SODIUM, BLOOD VOLUME AND ULTIMATELY, _________ BLOOD PRESSURE

A

ATRIAL NATURETIC PEPTIDE; ARTERIAL

141
Q

__________ – ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) – REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND _______ PRESSURE

A

VASOPRESSIN ;ARTERIAL

142
Q

“Normal”arterial pressure is ____/__mmhg

A

120/80

143
Q

Pressures above 140/90 are defined as : _______

A

hypertensive

144
Q

Hypertension is usually caused by an ________(increased/decreased) peripheral resistance (Ohm’s law) and typically progresses with ___

A

increased; age

145
Q

_________ or high blood pressure is Symptomless-but a major risk factor for stroke, and myocardial infarct (MI) (heart attack)

A

Hypertension

146
Q

What is Usually treated with drugs that reduce cardiac output (Ca channel blockers) or reduce peripheral resistance (ANG II blockers), or lower the volume of circulating blood (diuretics).

A

Hypertension

147
Q

_________ keeps flow to organs constant in spite of changes in MAP - if pressure is too high arterioles constrict - too low and they dilate

A

Autoregulation

148
Q

_____ _______ _____ of MAP is by baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch

A

Rapid neural regulation

149
Q

What respond to increased stretch of the vessel wall by increased afferent nerve firing frequency and vice-versa ?

A

baroreceptors

150
Q

what can alter cardiac output and/or peripheral resistance (Ohm’s Law) to regulate MAP back towards normal values?

A

baroreceptors

151
Q

The _______ control of pressure is most powerful around the normal value of MAP, is rapid, but weak compared to humoral control

A

baroreflex

152
Q

_________ regulation of MAP is by hormones, one of which is angiotensin II (ANG II), a potent vasoconstrictor. Release is stimulated by hypotension in the renal artery via renin release

A

Longterm

153
Q

Hemorrhage causes _________ because of loss of blood volume

A

hypotension

154
Q

Both ______ and ________ mechanisms work to preserve a normal blood pressure in hemorrhage - they fail if too much volume is lost

A

baroreceptors; HUMORAL

155
Q

Hypertension of unknown cause (“essential hypertension”) is a _____ (minor/major) public health concern

A

major

Biology 224 (9 decks)

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