Osmoregulation Flashcards
1
Q
Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers or osmoregulators?
A
osmoconformers
2
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
seawater is diluted below normal concentration. Can therefore live in river estuaries
A
osmoregulators
3
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
EG. Shorecrab
A
osmoregulator
4
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
cells contain higher [K+] And lower [Na+] than seawater
A
osmoconformer
5
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
Still have to use energy to regulate the internal composition of some ions
A
osmoconformer
6
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
EG. spidercrab
A
osmoconformer
7
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
restricted range of environment
A
osmoconformer
8
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
Body fluids are isotonic to environment
A
osmoconformer
9
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
some marine invertebrates, most vertebrates.
A
osmoregulator
10
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
(advantage) : can radiate to freshwater and terrestrial environments by maintaining a constant internal environment (about 300 mOsm/L).
A
osmoregulator
11
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
(Advantage) : do not use energy to compensate for gain or
loss of water across gills or skin.
A
osmoconformer
12
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
Tolerance range is small
No need to adjust
Water balance is not a problem
A
osmoconformer
13
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
(disadvantage) : requires a lot of energy (ATP) to pump ions across cell membranes to maintain constant concentration.
A
osmoregulator
14
Q
Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?
use energy to regulate internal osmolarity this has enabled their radiation into a wide range of environments
A
osmoregulator
15
Q
Constant internal environment means better control of : ______ ______
A
cellular processes
16
Q
Disadvantage - osmolarity of body fluids is like seawater (about 1,000 mOsm/L) and they are limited to marine environment.
A
osmoconformer
17
Q
Osmoregulation = 1. _____ volume + 2. _____ concentration.
A
water; solute
18
Q
Excretion:
A
nitrogenous wastes products elimination
19
Q
OSMOREGULATORS CONTROL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT USING _______ TO PUMP IONS
A
energy
20
Q
Animals do not usually “shut up shop.” They exchange ____ and ____ with their environment
A
water; solutes
21
Q
Cells produce ____ during metabolism.
A
H20
22
Q
How do terrestrial animals osmoregulate and lose water + salts?
(osmoregulators)
A
- Water vapour lost due to breathing
- water is lost by evaporation
- water and salt are lost in feces and urine .
23
Q
C6H1206 + 602 = _ ____ + _ _____ + ENERGY
A
6C02; 6H20
24
Q
Osmolarity
A
Concentration of solutes per volume (osmoles per liter) that contribute to osmotic pressure. A mole is MW in grams of solute dissolved in a litre of water.
The water movement as a response to an osmotic gradient is called osmosis
25
Permeability
The ease with which a molecule travels down a concentration gradient across the membrane
26
Osmosis
Solutes diffuse down their concentration gradient if not prevented by an non-permeable membrane - a special case of diffusion
27
Tonicity
isotonic, hypotonic , hypertonic
28
1 mole of CaCl2 = __ osmole when dissolved in 1L.
3 osmoles - This is because CaCl2 dissociates into 3 particles, Ca+ and 2 Cl-.
29
1 mole of NaCl = __ osmole when dissolved in 1L.
2 osmoles
30
1 mole of glucose = 1 osmole when dissolved in 1L
1 osmoles - glucose remains 1 molecule after being dissolved.
31
Osmotic pressure is determined by the ________ of ________ , not their chemical identity.
concentration of particles
32
Permeability includes the movement of :
Ions, molecules, ______, _____
across a cell membrane.
gases, water
33
T or F: water can be actively pumped across a cell membrane using ATP.
False; water can't be actively pumped across a cell membrane using ATP.
34
Osmosis is either ____ by water permeability or ____ by lack of water channels in cell membranes
aided; impaired
35
_______ are proteins in the cell membrane that form the channels and regulate permeability “the plumbing system for cells.”
Aquaporins
36
poor
37
Osmotic Gradient:
Water moves from a compartment with high water concentration to one with low water concentration I.e. from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
38
Osmotic Gradients only work if the membrane has water _________ or channels called : ________
permeability; aquaporins
39
What are the conditions for Osmosis:
1. There has to be a difference in the osmolarity between two compartments (osmotic gradient)
2. The barrier separating the compartments has to be permeable to water but not to solutes (semipermeable)
Theseconditionscausewatermovementtill the osmotic gradient disappears (osmosis)
Water flows from the compartment with the lowest osmolarity to the one with the highest

40
Water moves by osmosis from the less (_________) to the more concentrated (_______) solution across a semipermeable membrane
hypotonic; hypertonic
41
What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?
Strategy is to remove water entering by osmosis and conserve electrolytes (salts)
fresh water fish
42
What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?
strategy is to drink seawater to replace water leaving by osmosis and to remove salt at gills and in urine
salt water fish
43
What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?
small amounts of concentrated urine
salt water fish
44
What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?
large amount of diluted urine
fresh water fish
45
What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?
active (requires ATP) excretion of Na+ and Cl- across gill epithelia
salt water fish
46
What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?
active (requires ATP) uptake of Na+ and Cl- across gill epithelia
fresh water fish
47
What type of fish actually drinks the water/seawater ?
salt water fish
48
What type of fish uptakes H20 through the gills?
fresh water fish
49
Which type of fish is like a gummy bear? (would swell up!)
fresh water fish
50
Osmoconformers are ______ to aquatic environment - enviromental tolerance range may be ______
isotonic; small
51
Osmotic pressure is a powerful force generated by _______ of water molecules
diffusion
52
what 2 species have evolved salt glands?
reptiles and birds
53
what are needed in order to either ingest seawater with prey or have to drink seawater
salt glands
54
Whats the average osmolarity of the inside of an animal?
300mOsmo
55
What is the osmolarity of sea water?
1000 mOsmo
56
Compound tubular glands around nostrils and eyes are lined with special endothelial cells that secrete highly concentrated salt solution into tubules. called:
salt glands
57
T or F: animals that have salt glands are relatively impermeable to seawater
True
58
T or F: ATP is used to actively pump salt out of the blood and into the tubule lumen of salt glands.
True
59
Organisms with salt glands excrete the salt by defecation .
False; as tears.
60
T or F: a leatherback turtle uses salt glands.
true
61
T or F: salt glands are energy expensive
true
62
Elimination's 2 primary uses;
1. osmoregulation
| 2. use of nitrogenous waste
63
T or F: sharks excrete their urine.
False; they hold onto it throughout their life and use it in osmoregulation.
64
Nitrogenous wastes :
degradation products of amino acids and proteins
65
Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids produces ________
ammonia NH3
66
T or F: Ammonia is not toxic
false
67
T or F: Ammonia affects intercellular pH
true (a base)
68
Ammonia Affects the membrane in what 3 ways?
1. substitute for K+ in Na+/K+ ATPase --> [K+]i depletion
2. uncouples oxidative phosphorylation if abolishes H+ gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
3. Membrane potential (nerves)
4. Increases glutamate synthesis ->neurotransmitter -> CNS effects (brain scramble. dead)
69
NH3 is very soluble
large
70
Animals have evolved different strategies for excreting NH3 depending on what?
water availability
71
T or F: urea is more toxic than NH3
false; less
72
What are the 3 known types of Nitrogenous wastes?
NH3
urea
uric acid
73
of these 3: which is the most toxic? ___ which is less toxic?
NH3
urea
uric acid
NH3; uric acid
74
of these 3: which requires the most energy to produce? ___ which is the least?
NH3
urea
uric acid
uric acid; NH3
75
of these 3: which requires the most water to excrete waste? ___ which is the least?
NH3
urea
uric acid
Nh3
| uric acid
76
Most aquatic animals
Mammals
birds
What type of animal has ammonia as a nitrogenous waste, requires no energy to produce it, requires high amount of water for excretion, and a high toxicity of waste?
Most aquatic animals
77
T or F:
NH3 membrane permeable
NH4+ membrane permeable
False; Nh4 is impermeable
78
Invertebrates: diffuses ammonia out of the body ______ into surrounding water
surface
79
Fish: ammonia excreted out of ____ and (to a more minor degree) from _____
gills; kidneys
80
T or F: all aquatic animals excrete ammonia.
False; not all
81
Ammonotelic animals :
produce ammonia
82
Ammonia is very soluble in water and toxic at _____ (high/low) concentrations
low
83
T or F: Ammonia is so toxic it can only be transported and excreted in very dilute concentrations, so terrestrial animals cannot eliminate it fast enough!!!!

true
84
What types of animals:
store urea as their nitrogenous waste, require a moderate amount of energy for their production of waste, require a moderate amount of water for excretion, and have a low toxicity of waste
Mammals, most amphibians, some marine fishes, some reptiles, and terrestrial invertebrates
85
Ureotelic animals:
produce urea as their nitrogenous waste
86
100,000 times less toxic than ammonia: is-->
urea
87
Fetus drinks amniotic fluid and moves it in and out of lungs
Human amniotic fluid: 37mg/100ml ____ and 5mg/100ml ____ _____.
urea; uric acid
88
T or F: Urea production requires energy to create.
True
89
T or F: Ammonia sacrifices less water to be excreted than urea.
false; urea is more efficient
90
What form of waste do birds use to excrete nitrogenous wastes? and why?
uric acid, they need to be lighter to fly!
91
What animals use uric acid as their nitrogenous wastes , that require a high amount of energy for their waste production, a low amount of water for its excretion, and toxicity level is low.
birds, insects, and most reptiles
92
Uricotelic animals:
use uric acid as its nitrogenous waste
93
T or F: Uric acid is a adaptation to limited availability of water
true
94
Used by embryos in shelled eggs in vertebrates as nitrogenous waste. Its a white sludge.
uric acid
95
This is excreted by land snails as nitrogenous waste.
uric acid
96
what waste is 1,000 times less soluble than ammonia
uric acid
97
T or F: uric acid precipitates
true
98
Sharks (_________) retain urea in blood so that body
(elasmobranchs)
99
Sharks retain urea to keep their body osmolarity above ~1000 mOsmo
____ block loss of urea
most urea is retained by the _____.
gills; kidneys
100
a common metabolite, protects them from high urea concentration by stabilizing proteins.
Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
101
T or F; high [ ] of urea destabilizes proteins?
true
102
Body fluids slightly _______ to seawater: due to retention of urea & TMAO Therefore water enters ____ at gills (osmosis)
hypertonic ; slowly
103
T or F: in sharks: lower concentration of Na+ Cl- ions in blood than in seawater - Ions diffuse out through gills
False: diffuse in through the gills
104
T or F: in sharks: Makes ion excretion necessary: Kidneys excrete some ions and rectal glands excrete NaCl using active transport
true
105
due to ______ some sharks can be in fresh water.
ureanaline
106
Most sharks are _______ - only being able to cope with small changes in seawater salinity
stenohaline
107
________ - able to live in a wide range of salinities. Osmoconformers are not able to do this.
euryhaline
108
_____ ______ in marine birds and reptiles use active transport to remove NaCl from the blood against a concentration gradient to produce concentrated ____
salt glands; tears
109
Removal of nitrogenous waste is interlinked to ____________
osmoregulation
110
Breakdown of proteins produces _____ which is toxic and must be removed
ammonia nh3
111
NH3 is very _____ (soluble/insoluble) in water so is easily removed from fish gills by _____
soluble; diffusion
112
_______ animals cannot eliminate toxic NH3 fast enough so energy is used to produce less toxic _____, which can be stored in bladder
Terrestrial; urea;
113
Uric acid is used in those species that need to conserve ______. Also used as a storage form of waste in ____ and ____ eggs
water ; bird; reptile
114
____ is retained in elasmobranch blood to make the blood almost isotonic with seawater – a method of osmoregulation in ______ species
urea; shark
115
T or F: Freshwater protists, like A____ and P______ have organelles, contractile vacuoles, that remove water entering by osmosis and probably also regulate ion concentrations and nitrogenous waste.
Ameba; Paramecium
116
The function of most excretory organs is based on
1. filtration
2. ________, and
3. selective reabsorption.
secretion;
117
Protonephridia "first ____" includes :
| flatworms, rotifers, some annelids, larvae of mollusks, liver flukes
kidneys
118
Protonephridia have a network of ______ (closed/open) tubules throughout the body.
closed
119
flame bulb is powered by ____
cilia
120
T or F: at the flame bulb: solutes are excreted as fluid travels through tubule
false; solutes are selectively reabsorbed as fluid travels through tubule
121
in Protonephridia, Water and waste exit at the ________
nephridiopore
122
Protonephridia: ________ flatworms: Mainly osmoregulation
| - removal of water entering through osmosis
freshwater
123
Protonephridia: _______ flatworms: live in isotonic environment Mainly excretion of nitrogenous wastes
Parasitic
124
_____ "flickers" like a flame! (within a flame cell)
cilia
125
interstitial fluid flows through ______ openings in a flame cell to filter the fluid.
slit-like
126
______ and H20 travel through a tubule to the nephridiophore. (flame cell)
Nitrogen waste
127
_________ "after" kidneys
| includes most annelids, many molluscs, arthropods (earthworm)
metanephridia
128
filter ________ fluid through nephrostome
coelomic fluid
129
nephrostome
opening of nephridia to the coelomic fluid where uptake of the fluid takes place. Filtration occurs within the nephridia.
130
nephridiopore
The resulting excretory fluid or urine is passed out through the nephridiopore.
131
Malpighian tubules:
Outfoldings of digestive tract of insects
132
Open circulation: uses _______ and no _______
hemolymph ; capillaries
133
T or F: No filtration is done in open circulation. All done by secretion of salts and uric acid.
True
134
Salts and uric acid are transported into tubule from ______ - water follows by _______
hemolymph; osmosis
135
in open system (insects) reabsorption takes place from the _______ into hemolymph
hindgut
136
INSECTS DO IT DIFFERENTLY! All _______, no _________
secretion; filtration
137
Vertebrate kidneys are internal or external organs?
internal organs
138
What are the 2 primary roles of vertebrate kidneys: is nitrogenous waste removal one of these?
1. osmoregulation (nitrogen waste removal is part of this.)
| 2. ion regulation
139
T or F: Vertebrate kidneys' function adapted to specific diet, environment and evolutionary history.
True
140
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
Marine Fish:
Isoosmotic or hyperosmotic
Ammonia
141
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
Freshwater fish:
Strongly hypoosmotic
Ammonia
142
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
Amphibians (freshwater)
strongly hypoosmotic
Most secrete urea
143
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
Marine reptile
Isoosmotic
Ammonia, urea, uric acid
144
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
terrestrial reptile (deserts usually)
Isoosmotic
uric acid
145
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
Marine bird
weakly hyperosmotic
uric acid
146
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
terrestrial bird
weakly hyperosmotic
uric acid
147
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
Desert mammal
strongly hyperosmotic
urea
148
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
marine mammal
strongly hyperosmotic
urea
149
Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:
other mammals (humans)
Strongly hyperosmotic
urea
150
Hyposmotic Urine: Freshwater animals getting rid of ____. Membrane _____ remove ions from urine tubule and water permeability is ___. This produces ______ (concentrated/diluted) urine.
water; pumps; low; diluted
151
Hyperosmotic Urine: Terrestrial Animals, Marine Mammals, and Marine Birds: ________ CANNOT be pumped across membranes!
water
152
Hyperosmotic urine : uses _________ and osmotic gradients. This is due to high blood and fluid pressure.
Ultrafiltration
153
Hyperosmotic Urine requires ______ (active / passive) secretion and selective reabsorption of solute molecules.
Active
154
Kidney function based on linear _____________ of processes in tubules. "basically a production line.
compartmentalization.
155
Kidneys use active _______ and h20 follows the gradient .
transport
156
What are the 4 steps in excretion of urine through excretory tubule.
FRSE!
1. Filtration
2. reabsorption
3. Secretion
4. excretion
157
First step of Blood --> Urine collecting Area
dilute primary urine by ultrafiltration.
158
Modification of primary urine --> by retreiving and secreting _____.
ions
159
At the proximal end of the excretory tubule:
Whats reabsorbed: _____ ,____ ,___, ____.
What marks the waste biochemicallly? ____.
What does the kidney do with these marked wastes ?
amino acids; calcium; NaCl, sugars
liver
ACTIVELY secretes the substances
160
At the distal end of the excretory tubule:
What concentrations are adjusted?
_______ && ________ (ph)
potassium; bicarbonate (ph)
161
What 4 structures make up the Human urinary system?
kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
162
The longer the loop of Henley, the ____ (more/less) the concentration of urine.
more
163
The renal corpuscle is made up of what 2 structures?
bowman's capsule, glomerular cappilary
164
T or F: Podocytes contain Fenestrations.
false; glomerular capillaries contain fenestrations
165
Podocytes contain filtration _____ that act as a barrier to large molecules like proteins.
slits
166
Glomerular capillaries are naturally ____. (contain holes or fenestrations)
leaky
167
what are the forces involved in generating the ultrafiltrate?
Ph - pie - Pfluid = net filtration pressure
Ph - Hydrostatic pressure - blood pressure
pie - colloid osmotic pressure gradient due to proteins in plasma but not in Bowman's capsule
Pfluid - fluid pressure created by fluid in bowman's capsule.
168
Whats the formula for net filtration pressure? ultra filtration
Ph - pie - Pfluid
| or Hydrostatic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure - fluid pressure
169
How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?
Renal hypertension
decrease blood flow in renal arteries by constriction. less blood flow. less ultrafiltrate
170
How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?
Starvation
reduces concentration of plasma proteins. Reduces colloid osmotic pressure and increases net filtration pressure.
171
How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?
Renal artery stenosis (narrowing)
decrease blood flow in renal arteries by constriction. less blood flow. less ultrafiltrate
172
How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?
Hormones like ANG II
which increase arterial blood pressure - it will increase net filtrate pressure
173
Diuretics (caffeine)
they dont afect ultrafiltration
174
Antidiuretics (ADH)
they dont affect ultrafiltration.
175
Even protists that live in fresh water have to remove water entering by _______.
osmosis
176
Nitrogenous waste removal role is added to primary role of osmoregulation in most ________ “kidneys”
metazoan
177
______, ion secretion and _______ occur sequentially in a tubule
filtration; reabsorption
178
Insects are different – there is no ________ only secretion
filtration
179
Only _____ and _____ can produce hyperosmotic urine more concentrated than body fluids
birds and mammals
180
Physical factors determining the rate of glomerular filtration in mammals and birds are __________, __________ and the __________ of the filtered fluid
blood pressure; plasma osmotic pressure; physical pressure
181
Only juxtamedullary nephrons with ____ (long/short) loops of Henle concentrate urine. The ____ (longer/shorter) the loop of henle the greater the osmotic gradient.
long; longer
182
The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.
nephron
183
T or F: there are thousands of nephrons in the mammalian kidney.
False; millions
184
Many nephrons connect to one _______ ______.
collecting duct
185
All Bowmans capsules are located in the renal _____ (medulla or cortex)
cortex
186
T or F: Only mammals and birds have juxtamedullary nephrons with long loops of Henle. They allows for production of hypertonic concentrated urine.
True
187
3 basic nephron processes: FRS!
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
188
Glomerular Filtration:
Filtering of blood into tubule forming the primary urine
189
Tubular Reabsorption:
reabsorption of substances needed by body from tubule back to blood
190
Tubular Secretion:
Tubular Secretion: Secretion of substances to be eliminated from the body into the tubule from the blood
191
```
Proximal Convoluted Tubule I:
Reabsorption from tubule:
65% of ______________
67% of ______________
Glucose and amino acids
```
filtered water
| filtered sodium
192
Proximal Convoluted Tubule I:
Secretion into tubule
Variable proton (H+) secretion for _________ regulation
Some organic molecules
acid/base or PH
193
Proximal convoluted Tubule II:
____ is pumped out by membrane pumps, Cl- follows passively down an electrostatic gradient. Cl- is electrostatically attracted to ___.
Na+
194
Proximal convoluted Tubule II:
Water follows passively by osmosis.
No change in concentration of ______ in
tubule
filtrate.
195
Proximal convoluted Tubule II:
isosmotic volume removal mechanism --> 65% of primary urine volume is _______ at this stage . This means we get it back.
removed
196
Descending Loop of Henle:
| ___ (high/low) external osmolarity in medulla, and osmolarity ______ as tubule descends from outer to inner medulla
high; increases
197
The loop of henle is permeable/impermeable to water.
permeable
198
Water moves ___ (in/out) of the descending loop of henle. and 20% of urin volume is _____. (removed/gained)
out; removed
199
Descending loop of henle:
| after loss of water; the volume in the tubule is now ___ % of primary urine (once u hit the loop)
15
200
During the descending loop of henle, is there any change in the amount of solute?
What happens to the concentration of filtrate in tubule ?
No
| increases due to loss of Water
201
T or F: Osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid of medulla from 400 mOsm in outer to 1200 mOsm in inner medulla.
true
202
ascending loop of henle:
| Active ______ reabsorption. Tubule ________ (permeable / impermeable) to water
Na+ (Cl- follows)
| impermeable
203
ascending loop of henle:
concentrates the interstitial fluid of the ____.
_______ (raises/lowers) NaCl concentration in the ultrafiltrate.
medulla
| lowers
204
“Hairpin” Countercurrent multiplier system :
maintains osmotic gradient in medulla.
205
The loop of henle:
The more Na+ active transport out of ascending limb, the more _______ (concentrated/ dilute) becomes the fluid in descending limb, because more water leaves by osmosis. ______ (facilitates/inhibits) transport by ascending limb
concentrated
| facilitates
206
Vasa recta:
water is reabsorbed into plasma in the blood vessels of the vasa recta in the ascending limb of loop of henle
207
Vasa recta:
| Counter current exchange maintains ______ gradient in the medulla
osmotic
208
Vasa recta:
| Removes excess _____ and _____ from filtrate
water and solutes
209
Loop of Henle:
Permeability and transport properties of descending and ascending limbs establish osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of medulla
This osmotic gradient also allows water reabsorption from the distal _______ _____.
collecting duct
210
Loop of henle:
| Sodium _______ reduces the osmotic pressure of the filtrate to ~100 mOsm as it enters the distal convoluted tubule
reabsorption
211
Loop of henle:
| ___% of the ultrafiltrate has been reabsorbed by the time it reaches the distal convoluted tubule
85
212
Distal convoluted tubule II:
____ (dilutes/concentrates) the filtrate slightly by transport of sodium out of tubule
The fluid reaching the collecting duct ~80 mOsm
dilutes
213
Distal convoluted tubule II : Regulates _____ and _____ in the blood
sodium and potassium
214
Distal Convoluted Tubule II:
Variable sodium transport controlled by
_______ (adrenal glands)
Has variable permeability to water controlled by _______
steroid (aldosterone)
| ADH antidiuretic hormone
215
The collecting duct:
Finally ______dilutes/concentrates the urine by exploiting the osmotic gradient in the medulla to remove water by osmosis
concentrates
216
The collecting duct:
Where is the osmotic gradient formed from?
loop of henle
217
The collecting duct:
The duct is _____ (permeable/impermeable) to water. This is regulated by ________ hormone.
permeable; antidiuretic hormone
218
Distal Tubule and Collecting duct:
_____ permeability of tubule under control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH will allow ______ to leave tubule due to ___ external osmolarity
water; water; high
219
If water leaves the distal tubule:
urine volume is _____ (reduced/ increased).
urine is _____ (more/less) concentrated.
some urea diffuses out into the medulla at the end of thee tubule, which _______ (increases/decreases) extracellular osmolarity
This urea diffuses ____ (in/out) of the Loop of henle
about ______ (half/ most) of the urea is removed from the tubule.
```
reduced
concentrated
increases
into
half
```
220
Uses of Urine:
| HAMT!
Historical - alchemist extract gold from urine. (discovered white phosphorous)
agriculture - used as fertilizer (contains nitrogen)
munitions - used to manufacture gun powder.
textiles - WALKERS - mordant to prepare textiles
