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Biology 224 > Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

A

osmoconformers

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2
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

seawater is diluted below normal concentration. Can therefore live in river estuaries

A

osmoregulators

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3
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

EG. Shorecrab

A

osmoregulator

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4
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

cells contain higher [K+] And lower [Na+] than seawater

A

osmoconformer

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5
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

Still have to use energy to regulate the internal composition of some ions

A

osmoconformer

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6
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

EG. spidercrab

A

osmoconformer

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7
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

restricted range of environment

A

osmoconformer

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8
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

Body fluids are isotonic to environment

A

osmoconformer

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9
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

some marine invertebrates, most vertebrates.

A

osmoregulator

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10
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

(advantage) : can radiate to freshwater and terrestrial environments by maintaining a constant internal environment (about 300 mOsm/L).

A

osmoregulator

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11
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

(Advantage) : do not use energy to compensate for gain or
loss of water across gills or skin.

A

osmoconformer

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12
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

Tolerance range is small
No need to adjust
Water balance is not a problem

A

osmoconformer

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13
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

(disadvantage) : requires a lot of energy (ATP) to pump ions across cell membranes to maintain constant concentration.

A

osmoregulator

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14
Q

Osmoconformer or osmoregulator?

use energy to regulate internal osmolarity this has enabled their radiation into a wide range of environments

A

osmoregulator

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15
Q

Constant internal environment means better control of : ______ ______

A

cellular processes

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16
Q

Disadvantage - osmolarity of body fluids is like seawater (about 1,000 mOsm/L) and they are limited to marine environment.

A

osmoconformer

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17
Q

Osmoregulation = 1. _____ volume + 2. _____ concentration.

A

water; solute

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18
Q

Excretion:

A

nitrogenous wastes products elimination

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19
Q

OSMOREGULATORS CONTROL INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT USING _______ TO PUMP IONS

A

energy

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20
Q

Animals do not usually “shut up shop.” They exchange ____ and ____ with their environment

A

water; solutes

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21
Q

Cells produce ____ during metabolism.

A

H20

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22
Q

How do terrestrial animals osmoregulate and lose water + salts?
(osmoregulators)

A
  1. Water vapour lost due to breathing
  2. water is lost by evaporation
  3. water and salt are lost in feces and urine .
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23
Q

C6H1206 + 602 = _ ____ + _ _____ + ENERGY

A

6C02; 6H20

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24
Q

Osmolarity

A

Concentration of solutes per volume (osmoles per liter) that contribute to osmotic pressure. A mole is MW in grams of solute dissolved in a litre of water.

The water movement as a response to an osmotic gradient is called osmosis

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25
Q

Permeability

A

The ease with which a molecule travels down a concentration gradient across the membrane

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26
Q

Osmosis

A

Solutes diffuse down their concentration gradient if not prevented by an non-permeable membrane - a special case of diffusion

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27
Q

Tonicity

A

isotonic, hypotonic , hypertonic

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28
Q

1 mole of CaCl2 = __ osmole when dissolved in 1L.

A

3 osmoles - This is because CaCl2 dissociates into 3 particles, Ca+ and 2 Cl-.

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29
Q

1 mole of NaCl = __ osmole when dissolved in 1L.

A

2 osmoles

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30
Q

1 mole of glucose = 1 osmole when dissolved in 1L

A

1 osmoles - glucose remains 1 molecule after being dissolved.

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31
Q

Osmotic pressure is determined by the ________ of ________ , not their chemical identity.

A

concentration of particles

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32
Q

Permeability includes the movement of :
Ions, molecules, ______, _____
across a cell membrane.

A

gases, water

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33
Q

T or F: water can be actively pumped across a cell membrane using ATP.

A

False; water can’t be actively pumped across a cell membrane using ATP.

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34
Q

Osmosis is either ____ by water permeability or ____ by lack of water channels in cell membranes

A

aided; impaired

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35
Q

_______ are proteins in the cell membrane that form the channels and regulate permeability “the plumbing system for cells.”

A

Aquaporins

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36
Q
A

poor

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37
Q

Osmotic Gradient:

A

Water moves from a compartment with high water concentration to one with low water concentration I.e. from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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38
Q

Osmotic Gradients only work if the membrane has water _________ or channels called : ________

A

permeability; aquaporins

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39
Q

What are the conditions for Osmosis:

A
  1. There has to be a difference in the osmolarity between two compartments (osmotic gradient)
  2. The barrier separating the compartments has to be permeable to water but not to solutes (semipermeable)

Theseconditionscausewatermovementtill the osmotic gradient disappears (osmosis)
Water flows from the compartment with the lowest osmolarity to the one with the highest


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40
Q

Water moves by osmosis from the less (_________) to the more concentrated (_______) solution across a semipermeable membrane

A

hypotonic; hypertonic

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41
Q

What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?

Strategy is to remove water entering by osmosis and conserve electrolytes (salts)

A

fresh water fish

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42
Q

What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?

strategy is to drink seawater to replace water leaving by osmosis and to remove salt at gills and in urine

A

salt water fish

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43
Q

What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?

small amounts of concentrated urine

A

salt water fish

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44
Q

What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?

large amount of diluted urine

A

fresh water fish

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45
Q

What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?

active (requires ATP) excretion of Na+ and Cl- across gill epithelia

A

salt water fish

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46
Q

What type of fish? salt water or fresh water?

active (requires ATP) uptake of Na+ and Cl- across gill epithelia

A

fresh water fish

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47
Q

What type of fish actually drinks the water/seawater ?

A

salt water fish

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48
Q

What type of fish uptakes H20 through the gills?

A

fresh water fish

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49
Q

Which type of fish is like a gummy bear? (would swell up!)

A

fresh water fish

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50
Q

Osmoconformers are ______ to aquatic environment - enviromental tolerance range may be ______

A

isotonic; small

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51
Q

Osmotic pressure is a powerful force generated by _______ of water molecules

A

diffusion

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52
Q

what 2 species have evolved salt glands?

A

reptiles and birds

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53
Q

what are needed in order to either ingest seawater with prey or have to drink seawater

A

salt glands

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54
Q

Whats the average osmolarity of the inside of an animal?

A

300mOsmo

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55
Q

What is the osmolarity of sea water?

A

1000 mOsmo

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56
Q

Compound tubular glands around nostrils and eyes are lined with special endothelial cells that secrete highly concentrated salt solution into tubules. called:

A

salt glands

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57
Q

T or F: animals that have salt glands are relatively impermeable to seawater

A

True

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58
Q

T or F: ATP is used to actively pump salt out of the blood and into the tubule lumen of salt glands.

A

True

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59
Q

Organisms with salt glands excrete the salt by defecation .

A

False; as tears.

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60
Q

T or F: a leatherback turtle uses salt glands.

A

true

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61
Q

T or F: salt glands are energy expensive

A

true

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62
Q

Elimination’s 2 primary uses;

A
  1. osmoregulation

2. use of nitrogenous waste

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63
Q

T or F: sharks excrete their urine.

A

False; they hold onto it throughout their life and use it in osmoregulation.

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64
Q

Nitrogenous wastes :

A

degradation products of amino acids and proteins

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65
Q

Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids produces ________

A

ammonia NH3

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66
Q

T or F: Ammonia is not toxic

A

false

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67
Q

T or F: Ammonia affects intercellular pH

A

true (a base)

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68
Q

Ammonia Affects the membrane in what 3 ways?

A
  1. substitute for K+ in Na+/K+ ATPase –> [K+]i depletion
  2. uncouples oxidative phosphorylation if abolishes H+ gradient across inner mitochondrial membrane
  3. Membrane potential (nerves)
  4. Increases glutamate synthesis ->neurotransmitter -> CNS effects (brain scramble. dead)
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69
Q

NH3 is very soluble

A

large

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70
Q

Animals have evolved different strategies for excreting NH3 depending on what?

A

water availability

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71
Q

T or F: urea is more toxic than NH3

A

false; less

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72
Q

What are the 3 known types of Nitrogenous wastes?

A

NH3
urea
uric acid

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73
Q

of these 3: which is the most toxic? ___ which is less toxic?

NH3
urea
uric acid

A

NH3; uric acid

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74
Q

of these 3: which requires the most energy to produce? ___ which is the least?

NH3
urea
uric acid

A

uric acid; NH3

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75
Q

of these 3: which requires the most water to excrete waste? ___ which is the least?

NH3
urea
uric acid

A

Nh3

uric acid

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76
Q

Most aquatic animals
Mammals
birds

What type of animal has ammonia as a nitrogenous waste, requires no energy to produce it, requires high amount of water for excretion, and a high toxicity of waste?

A

Most aquatic animals

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77
Q

T or F:
NH3 membrane permeable
NH4+ membrane permeable

A

False; Nh4 is impermeable

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78
Q

Invertebrates: diffuses ammonia out of the body ______ into surrounding water

A

surface

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79
Q

Fish: ammonia excreted out of ____ and (to a more minor degree) from _____

A

gills; kidneys

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80
Q

T or F: all aquatic animals excrete ammonia.

A

False; not all

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81
Q

Ammonotelic animals :

A

produce ammonia

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82
Q

Ammonia is very soluble in water and toxic at _____ (high/low) concentrations

A

low

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83
Q

T or F: Ammonia is so toxic it can only be transported and excreted in very dilute concentrations, so terrestrial animals cannot eliminate it fast enough!!!!


A

true

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84
Q

What types of animals:

store urea as their nitrogenous waste, require a moderate amount of energy for their production of waste, require a moderate amount of water for excretion, and have a low toxicity of waste

A

Mammals, most amphibians, some marine fishes, some reptiles, and terrestrial invertebrates

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85
Q

Ureotelic animals:

A

produce urea as their nitrogenous waste

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86
Q

100,000 times less toxic than ammonia: is–>

A

urea

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87
Q

Fetus drinks amniotic fluid and moves it in and out of lungs

Human amniotic fluid: 37mg/100ml ____ and 5mg/100ml ____ _____.

A

urea; uric acid

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88
Q

T or F: Urea production requires energy to create.

A

True

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89
Q

T or F: Ammonia sacrifices less water to be excreted than urea.

A

false; urea is more efficient

90
Q

What form of waste do birds use to excrete nitrogenous wastes? and why?

A

uric acid, they need to be lighter to fly!

91
Q

What animals use uric acid as their nitrogenous wastes , that require a high amount of energy for their waste production, a low amount of water for its excretion, and toxicity level is low.

A

birds, insects, and most reptiles

92
Q

Uricotelic animals:

A

use uric acid as its nitrogenous waste

93
Q

T or F: Uric acid is a adaptation to limited availability of water

A

true

94
Q

Used by embryos in shelled eggs in vertebrates as nitrogenous waste. Its a white sludge.

A

uric acid

95
Q

This is excreted by land snails as nitrogenous waste.

A

uric acid

96
Q

what waste is 1,000 times less soluble than ammonia

A

uric acid

97
Q

T or F: uric acid precipitates

A

true

98
Q

Sharks (_________) retain urea in blood so that body

A

(elasmobranchs)

99
Q

Sharks retain urea to keep their body osmolarity above ~1000 mOsmo
____ block loss of urea
most urea is retained by the _____.

A

gills; kidneys

100
Q

a common metabolite, protects them from high urea concentration by stabilizing proteins.

A

Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

101
Q

T or F; high [ ] of urea destabilizes proteins?

A

true

102
Q

Body fluids slightly _______ to seawater: due to retention of urea & TMAO Therefore water enters ____ at gills (osmosis)

A

hypertonic ; slowly

103
Q

T or F: in sharks: lower concentration of Na+ Cl- ions in blood than in seawater - Ions diffuse out through gills

A

False: diffuse in through the gills

104
Q

T or F: in sharks: Makes ion excretion necessary: Kidneys excrete some ions and rectal glands excrete NaCl using active transport

A

true

105
Q

due to ______ some sharks can be in fresh water.

A

ureanaline

106
Q

Most sharks are _______ - only being able to cope with small changes in seawater salinity

A

stenohaline

107
Q

________ - able to live in a wide range of salinities. Osmoconformers are not able to do this.

A

euryhaline

108
Q

_____ ______ in marine birds and reptiles use active transport to remove NaCl from the blood against a concentration gradient to produce concentrated ____

A

salt glands; tears

109
Q

Removal of nitrogenous waste is interlinked to ____________

A

osmoregulation

110
Q

Breakdown of proteins produces _____ which is toxic and must be removed

A

ammonia nh3

111
Q

NH3 is very _____ (soluble/insoluble) in water so is easily removed from fish gills by _____

A

soluble; diffusion

112
Q

_______ animals cannot eliminate toxic NH3 fast enough so energy is used to produce less toxic _____, which can be stored in bladder

A

Terrestrial; urea;

113
Q

Uric acid is used in those species that need to conserve ______. Also used as a storage form of waste in ____ and ____ eggs

A

water ; bird; reptile

114
Q

____ is retained in elasmobranch blood to make the blood almost isotonic with seawater – a method of osmoregulation in ______ species

A

urea; shark

115
Q

T or F: Freshwater protists, like A____ and P______ have organelles, contractile vacuoles, that remove water entering by osmosis and probably also regulate ion concentrations and nitrogenous waste.

A

Ameba; Paramecium

116
Q

The function of most excretory organs is based on

  1. filtration
  2. ________, and
  3. selective reabsorption.
A

secretion;

117
Q

Protonephridia “first ____” includes :

flatworms, rotifers, some annelids, larvae of mollusks, liver flukes

A

kidneys

118
Q

Protonephridia have a network of ______ (closed/open) tubules throughout the body.

A

closed

119
Q

flame bulb is powered by ____

A

cilia

120
Q

T or F: at the flame bulb: solutes are excreted as fluid travels through tubule

A

false; solutes are selectively reabsorbed as fluid travels through tubule

121
Q

in Protonephridia, Water and waste exit at the ________

A

nephridiopore

122
Q

Protonephridia: ________ flatworms: Mainly osmoregulation

- removal of water entering through osmosis

A

freshwater

123
Q

Protonephridia: _______ flatworms: live in isotonic environment Mainly excretion of nitrogenous wastes

A

Parasitic

124
Q

_____ “flickers” like a flame! (within a flame cell)

A

cilia

125
Q

interstitial fluid flows through ______ openings in a flame cell to filter the fluid.

A

slit-like

126
Q

______ and H20 travel through a tubule to the nephridiophore. (flame cell)

A

Nitrogen waste

127
Q

_________ “after” kidneys

includes most annelids, many molluscs, arthropods (earthworm)

A

metanephridia

128
Q

filter ________ fluid through nephrostome

A

coelomic fluid

129
Q

nephrostome

A

opening of nephridia to the coelomic fluid where uptake of the fluid takes place. Filtration occurs within the nephridia.

130
Q

nephridiopore

A

The resulting excretory fluid or urine is passed out through the nephridiopore.

131
Q

Malpighian tubules:

A

Outfoldings of digestive tract of insects

132
Q

Open circulation: uses _______ and no _______

A

hemolymph ; capillaries

133
Q

T or F: No filtration is done in open circulation. All done by secretion of salts and uric acid.

A

True

134
Q

Salts and uric acid are transported into tubule from ______ - water follows by _______

A

hemolymph; osmosis

135
Q

in open system (insects) reabsorption takes place from the _______ into hemolymph

A

hindgut

136
Q

INSECTS DO IT DIFFERENTLY! All _______, no _________

A

secretion; filtration

137
Q

Vertebrate kidneys are internal or external organs?

A

internal organs

138
Q

What are the 2 primary roles of vertebrate kidneys: is nitrogenous waste removal one of these?

A
  1. osmoregulation (nitrogen waste removal is part of this.)

2. ion regulation

139
Q

T or F: Vertebrate kidneys’ function adapted to specific diet, environment and evolutionary history.

A

True

140
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

Marine Fish:

A

Isoosmotic or hyperosmotic

Ammonia

141
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

Freshwater fish:

A

Strongly hypoosmotic

Ammonia

142
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

Amphibians (freshwater)

A

strongly hypoosmotic

Most secrete urea

143
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

Marine reptile

A

Isoosmotic

Ammonia, urea, uric acid

144
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

terrestrial reptile (deserts usually)

A

Isoosmotic

uric acid

145
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

Marine bird

A

weakly hyperosmotic

uric acid

146
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

terrestrial bird

A

weakly hyperosmotic

uric acid

147
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

Desert mammal

A

strongly hyperosmotic

urea

148
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

marine mammal

A

strongly hyperosmotic

urea

149
Q

Urine concentration relative to blood && main nitrogenous waste:

other mammals (humans)

A

Strongly hyperosmotic

urea

150
Q

Hyposmotic Urine: Freshwater animals getting rid of ____. Membrane _____ remove ions from urine tubule and water permeability is ___. This produces ______ (concentrated/diluted) urine.

A

water; pumps; low; diluted

151
Q

Hyperosmotic Urine: Terrestrial Animals, Marine Mammals, and Marine Birds: ________ CANNOT be pumped across membranes!

A

water

152
Q

Hyperosmotic urine : uses _________ and osmotic gradients. This is due to high blood and fluid pressure.

A

Ultrafiltration

153
Q

Hyperosmotic Urine requires ______ (active / passive) secretion and selective reabsorption of solute molecules.

A

Active

154
Q

Kidney function based on linear _____________ of processes in tubules. “basically a production line.

A

compartmentalization.

155
Q

Kidneys use active _______ and h20 follows the gradient .

A

transport

156
Q

What are the 4 steps in excretion of urine through excretory tubule.
FRSE!

A
  1. Filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. Secretion
  4. excretion
157
Q

First step of Blood –> Urine collecting Area

A

dilute primary urine by ultrafiltration.

158
Q

Modification of primary urine –> by retreiving and secreting _____.

A

ions

159
Q

At the proximal end of the excretory tubule:
Whats reabsorbed: _____ ,____ ,___, ____.
What marks the waste biochemicallly? ____.
What does the kidney do with these marked wastes ?

A

amino acids; calcium; NaCl, sugars
liver
ACTIVELY secretes the substances

160
Q

At the distal end of the excretory tubule:
What concentrations are adjusted?
_______ && ________ (ph)

A

potassium; bicarbonate (ph)

161
Q

What 4 structures make up the Human urinary system?

A

kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

162
Q

The longer the loop of Henley, the ____ (more/less) the concentration of urine.

A

more

163
Q

The renal corpuscle is made up of what 2 structures?

A

bowman’s capsule, glomerular cappilary

164
Q

T or F: Podocytes contain Fenestrations.

A

false; glomerular capillaries contain fenestrations

165
Q

Podocytes contain filtration _____ that act as a barrier to large molecules like proteins.

A

slits

166
Q

Glomerular capillaries are naturally ____. (contain holes or fenestrations)

A

leaky

167
Q

what are the forces involved in generating the ultrafiltrate?

Ph - pie - Pfluid = net filtration pressure

A

Ph - Hydrostatic pressure - blood pressure
pie - colloid osmotic pressure gradient due to proteins in plasma but not in Bowman’s capsule
Pfluid - fluid pressure created by fluid in bowman’s capsule.

168
Q

Whats the formula for net filtration pressure? ultra filtration

A

Ph - pie - Pfluid

or Hydrostatic pressure - colloid osmotic pressure - fluid pressure

169
Q

How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?

Renal hypertension

A

decrease blood flow in renal arteries by constriction. less blood flow. less ultrafiltrate

170
Q

How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?

Starvation

A

reduces concentration of plasma proteins. Reduces colloid osmotic pressure and increases net filtration pressure.

171
Q

How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?

Renal artery stenosis (narrowing)

A

decrease blood flow in renal arteries by constriction. less blood flow. less ultrafiltrate

172
Q

How would these factors change the rate of ultrafiltration?

Hormones like ANG II

A

which increase arterial blood pressure - it will increase net filtrate pressure

173
Q

Diuretics (caffeine)

A

they dont afect ultrafiltration

174
Q

Antidiuretics (ADH)

A

they dont affect ultrafiltration.

175
Q

Even protists that live in fresh water have to remove water entering by _______.

A

osmosis

176
Q

Nitrogenous waste removal role is added to primary role of osmoregulation in most ________ “kidneys”

A

metazoan

177
Q

______, ion secretion and _______ occur sequentially in a tubule

A

filtration; reabsorption

178
Q

Insects are different – there is no ________ only secretion

A

filtration

179
Q

Only _____ and _____ can produce hyperosmotic urine more concentrated than body fluids

A

birds and mammals

180
Q

Physical factors determining the rate of glomerular filtration in mammals and birds are __________, __________ and the __________ of the filtered fluid

A

blood pressure; plasma osmotic pressure; physical pressure

181
Q

Only juxtamedullary nephrons with ____ (long/short) loops of Henle concentrate urine. The ____ (longer/shorter) the loop of henle the greater the osmotic gradient.

A

long; longer

182
Q

The ______ is the functional unit of the kidney.

A

nephron

183
Q

T or F: there are thousands of nephrons in the mammalian kidney.

A

False; millions

184
Q

Many nephrons connect to one _______ ______.

A

collecting duct

185
Q

All Bowmans capsules are located in the renal _____ (medulla or cortex)

A

cortex

186
Q

T or F: Only mammals and birds have juxtamedullary nephrons with long loops of Henle. They allows for production of hypertonic concentrated urine.

A

True

187
Q

3 basic nephron processes: FRS!

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

188
Q

Glomerular Filtration:

A

Filtering of blood into tubule forming the primary urine

189
Q

Tubular Reabsorption:

A

reabsorption of substances needed by body from tubule back to blood

190
Q

Tubular Secretion:

A

Tubular Secretion: Secretion of substances to be eliminated from the body into the tubule from the blood

191
Q 
Proximal Convoluted Tubule I:
Reabsorption from tubule:
65% of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
67% of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
Glucose and amino acids
A

filtered water

filtered sodium

192
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule I:
Secretion into tubule
Variable proton (H+) secretion for _________ regulation
Some organic molecules

A

acid/base or PH

193
Q

Proximal convoluted Tubule II:

____ is pumped out by membrane pumps, Cl- follows passively down an electrostatic gradient. Cl- is electrostatically attracted to ___.

A

Na+

194
Q

Proximal convoluted Tubule II:

Water follows passively by osmosis.
No change in concentration of ______ in
tubule

A

filtrate.

195
Q

Proximal convoluted Tubule II:

isosmotic volume removal mechanism –> 65% of primary urine volume is _______ at this stage . This means we get it back.

A

removed

196
Q

Descending Loop of Henle:

___ (high/low) external osmolarity in medulla, and osmolarity ______ as tubule descends from outer to inner medulla

A

high; increases

197
Q

The loop of henle is permeable/impermeable to water.

A

permeable

198
Q

Water moves ___ (in/out) of the descending loop of henle. and 20% of urin volume is _____. (removed/gained)

A

out; removed

199
Q

Descending loop of henle:

after loss of water; the volume in the tubule is now ___ % of primary urine (once u hit the loop)

A

15

200
Q

During the descending loop of henle, is there any change in the amount of solute?
What happens to the concentration of filtrate in tubule ?

A

No

increases due to loss of Water

201
Q

T or F: Osmotic gradient in interstitial fluid of medulla from 400 mOsm in outer to 1200 mOsm in inner medulla.

A

true

202
Q

ascending loop of henle:

Active ______ reabsorption. Tubule ________ (permeable / impermeable) to water

A

Na+ (Cl- follows)

impermeable

203
Q

ascending loop of henle:
concentrates the interstitial fluid of the ____.
_______ (raises/lowers) NaCl concentration in the ultrafiltrate.

A

medulla

lowers

204
Q

“Hairpin” Countercurrent multiplier system :

A

maintains osmotic gradient in medulla.

205
Q

The loop of henle:

The more Na+ active transport out of ascending limb, the more _______ (concentrated/ dilute) becomes the fluid in descending limb, because more water leaves by osmosis. ______ (facilitates/inhibits) transport by ascending limb

A

concentrated

facilitates

206
Q

Vasa recta:

A

water is reabsorbed into plasma in the blood vessels of the vasa recta in the ascending limb of loop of henle

207
Q

Vasa recta:

Counter current exchange maintains ______ gradient in the medulla

A

osmotic

208
Q

Vasa recta:

Removes excess _____ and _____ from filtrate

A

water and solutes

209
Q

Loop of Henle:
Permeability and transport properties of descending and ascending limbs establish osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of medulla

This osmotic gradient also allows water reabsorption from the distal _______ _____.

A

collecting duct

210
Q

Loop of henle:

Sodium _______ reduces the osmotic pressure of the filtrate to ~100 mOsm as it enters the distal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption

211
Q

Loop of henle:

___% of the ultrafiltrate has been reabsorbed by the time it reaches the distal convoluted tubule

A

85

212
Q

Distal convoluted tubule II:

____ (dilutes/concentrates) the filtrate slightly by transport of sodium out of tubule
The fluid reaching the collecting duct ~80 mOsm

A

dilutes

213
Q

Distal convoluted tubule II : Regulates _____ and _____ in the blood

A

sodium and potassium

214
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule II:

Variable sodium transport controlled by
_______ (adrenal glands)

Has variable permeability to water controlled by _______

A

steroid (aldosterone)

ADH antidiuretic hormone

215
Q

The collecting duct:

Finally ______dilutes/concentrates the urine by exploiting the osmotic gradient in the medulla to remove water by osmosis

A

concentrates

216
Q

The collecting duct:

Where is the osmotic gradient formed from?

A

loop of henle

217
Q

The collecting duct:

The duct is _____ (permeable/impermeable) to water. This is regulated by ________ hormone.

A

permeable; antidiuretic hormone

218
Q

Distal Tubule and Collecting duct:

_____ permeability of tubule under control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH will allow ______ to leave tubule due to ___ external osmolarity

A

water; water; high

219
Q

If water leaves the distal tubule:

urine volume is _____ (reduced/ increased).
urine is _____ (more/less) concentrated.
some urea diffuses out into the medulla at the end of thee tubule, which _______ (increases/decreases) extracellular osmolarity
This urea diffuses ____ (in/out) of the Loop of henle
about ______ (half/ most) of the urea is removed from the tubule.

A 
reduced
concentrated
increases
into
half
220
Q

Uses of Urine:

HAMT!

A

Historical - alchemist extract gold from urine. (discovered white phosphorous)
agriculture - used as fertilizer (contains nitrogen)
munitions - used to manufacture gun powder.
textiles - WALKERS - mordant to prepare textiles

Biology 224 (9 decks)

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