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Biology 224 > Theme 10 > Flashcards

Theme 10 Flashcards

1
Q

VDCC Voltage dependent calcium channel

A

cell membrane ion channels with a permeability to the ion Ca2+

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2
Q

when do VDCC open?

A

depolarized membrane potentials in excite able cells.

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3
Q

What kinds of cells are excitable?

A

muscle
glial
neurons

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4
Q

Activation of VDCC’s allows Ca2+ entry into the cell resulting in:

A

muscle contraction
excitation of neurons
up-regulation of gene expression
release of hormones or neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Glutamate

A

the carboxylate anions and salts of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid

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6
Q

What is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system?

A

glutamate

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7
Q

Glutamate Receptors are _____ - ______ channels that make the cell to be voltage-dependent

A

sodium-calcium

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8
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

a cellular mechanism for learning and memory

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9
Q

What is critical in synaptic plasticity?

A

Ca2+ flux through the glutamate receptor

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10
Q

Single lens eye are found in what type of animals?

A

founds in vertebrates, some mollusks (squid ect) and in some snails and annelids (worms?)

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11
Q

Sclera

A

strong outer white sheath

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12
Q

Cornea

A

continuous with sclera but thin and clear

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13
Q

Aqueous humor

A

anterior cavity that holds thin fluid

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14
Q

Vitreous humor

A

posterior cavity that holds thick fluid (maintains eye shape)

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15
Q

Iris

A

pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil

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16
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object

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17
Q

photon

A

fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

3 layes of the retina

A
  1. rods and cones
  2. Biopolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
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19
Q

rods and cones

A

photoreceptors; deepest against scelera

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20
Q

biopolar cells

A

interneurons that make synapses with photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
responsible for 30% of input to retinal ganglia and are regulated by amacrine cells

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21
Q

Ganglion cells

A

send axons out of the eye and into the optic nerve. the shallowest.

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22
Q

Which two groups of retinal cells are transparent?

A

ganglion and bipolar cells

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23
Q

amacrine cells

A

interneurons in the retina that are responsible for 70% of input to retinal ganglion
interneurons;
involvled in light adaptation and sensitivity to movement

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24
Q

what regulates bipolar cells in the retina?

A

amacrine cells

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25
Rods
sensitive to low intensity light do not discriminate colors used mostly at night
26
Cones
require more light for stimulation | detect color
27
T or F: there are fewer rods than cones in the human retina.
False. more rods than cones.
28
In rods, the outer segment contains:
pigment
29
In rods, the inner segment contains:
nucleus & other organelles | also a synaptic terminal filled with neurotransmitter vesicles
30
Do cones rodes contain axons?
no
31
What are the two visual pigments?
Retinal & Opsins
32
Retinal
a chromophore vitamin; | a derivative that absorbs energy from light.
33
chromophore
color
34
what Vitamin is required for retinol?
vitamin A
35
Opsin
g protein coupled receptors that convert light into metabolic energy
36
T or F: Opsins are sensitive to light.
True . allows you to see in low lit places
37
2 types of Opsins:
rhodopsin | Photopsins
38
rhodopsins are located in:
rods
39
Photopsins are located in
cones
40
T of F: Opsins convert a photon of light into an electromagnetic wave.
False electromagnetic signal. by changing permeability to ions.
41
In humans, cone pigments composed of retinal plus one of ____ possible opsins.
3 - red, green , blue
42
birds have how many opsins?
up to 5
43
T of F: some species have 1 or 2 opsins
True
44
Depolarization in the unstimulated state results in continuous release of ________
glutamate
45
release of glutamate in the retina is interpretted as ..
an absence of light
46
when exposed to light the cell______
hyperpolarizes and glutamate release is stopped
47
when hyperpolarized the brain interprets as..
visual image
48
T or F : photoreceptors use ATP to form cAMP as a second messenger
False. use GTP to form cGMP as second messengers
49
Cis-retinal is stimulated by light and creates an isomer...
trans-retinol
50
T or F : odopsin takes cGMP out of the system when light is present
True opsin in retinol binds to the membrane protein which activates Transducin which activates phosphodiesterase.
51
cGMP can do 3 things:
``` Make GTP (Pi Pi) bind and open Na+ channels (depolarization) converted to GMP ```
52
Na channels close when cGMP
reacts with phosphodiesterase and makes GMP unbinding from Na+ channels closing them. (hyperpolarization.
53
What makes photoreceptors different from other sensory receptor cells?
membrane potential is in a slightly depolarized state when the cell is at rest.
54
T or F: Photoreceptors hyper polarize rather than depolarize in response to stimulus.
True
55
Vision begins with what transformation?
cis retinal to trans retinal (photoisomerization)
56
T or F - amacrine and horizontal cells do not modify electrical signals
False
57
Horizontal cells are laterally interconnecting neurons located where?
plexiform layer of the retina; inbetween bipolar cells and photoreceptors (rods and cones)
58
What regulates the input of multiple photoreceptor cells, allows eyes to adjust under light conditions, and defines boundaries of an image?
horizontal cells
59
Amacrine cells are located?
between ganglion cells and biopolar cells | interneurons;
60
Olfaction
sense of smell
61
Gustation
sense of taste
62
Smell and taste are both examples of what type of receptors?
chemoreceptors
63
What two types of receptors have a close relationship but are meaning less for aquatic animals?
taste and smell
64
Proboscis
elongated appendage from the head of an animal either a vertebrae or invertebrae
65
Proboscis in invertebrates
tubular; used for feeding and sucking
66
proboscis in vertebrates
elongated nose or snout
67
T or F: insects highly depend on odor and tase for finding food and mates
true
68
what uses elaborate antennae to sense pheromones released by females
moths
69
Olfactory sensitivity on mammals depends on...
the density of olfactory receptor cells
70
T or F : humans have more olfactory receptors than dogs
False . 5 - 200 million for dogs
71
Basal cells differentiate into..
new olfactory receptor cells.
72
What kind of receptors have long cilia with receptors to bind odor molecules?
olfactory receptors
73
Taste buds are what type of sensor?
chemoreceptor
74
what collects food molecules and direct them to sensory receptor cells in taste buds?
Papillae
75
T or F:tips of sensory receptor cells have microvilli that extend into taste pore.
True
76
another word for taste bud?
papillae
77
4 types of papillae in the human tongue?
Fungiform papillae Filiform papillae Foliate papillae Circumvallate papillae
78
fungiform papillae
mushroom shaped; at the tip and sides
79
filiform papillae
thing long papillae "V" shaped cones; | dont contain taste buds but are the most numerous.
80
What papillae are keratinized, mechanical, and not involved in gustation?
filiform papillae
81
Foliate papillae
ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the roof of the mouth
82
circumvallate papillae
present at the back of the oral part of the tongue arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the tongue
83
What are the 5 tastes?
``` Sweet Bitter Savory (signal through G receptor) Salty Sour (ion channels) ```
84
Bitter
back of the tongue - gprotein
85
Sour
front on the sides - ion
86
salty
tip(long) - ion
87
sweet
tip center - g protein

Biology 224 (9 decks)

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