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Biology 224 > Theme 10 > Flashcards

Theme 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

VDCC Voltage dependent calcium channel

A

cell membrane ion channels with a permeability to the ion Ca2+

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2
Q

when do VDCC open?

A

depolarized membrane potentials in excite able cells.

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3
Q

What kinds of cells are excitable?

A

muscle
glial
neurons

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4
Q

Activation of VDCC’s allows Ca2+ entry into the cell resulting in:

A

muscle contraction
excitation of neurons
up-regulation of gene expression
release of hormones or neurotransmitters

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5
Q

Glutamate

A

the carboxylate anions and salts of the non-essential amino acid glutamic acid

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6
Q

What is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate nervous system?

A

glutamate

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7
Q

Glutamate Receptors are _____ - ______ channels that make the cell to be voltage-dependent

A

sodium-calcium

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8
Q

Synaptic plasticity

A

a cellular mechanism for learning and memory

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9
Q

What is critical in synaptic plasticity?

A

Ca2+ flux through the glutamate receptor

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10
Q

Single lens eye are found in what type of animals?

A

founds in vertebrates, some mollusks (squid ect) and in some snails and annelids (worms?)

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11
Q

Sclera

A

strong outer white sheath

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12
Q

Cornea

A

continuous with sclera but thin and clear

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13
Q

Aqueous humor

A

anterior cavity that holds thin fluid

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14
Q

Vitreous humor

A

posterior cavity that holds thick fluid (maintains eye shape)

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15
Q

Iris

A

pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil

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16
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object

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17
Q

photon

A

fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation

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18
Q

3 layes of the retina

A
  1. rods and cones
  2. Biopolar cells
  3. Ganglion cells
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19
Q

rods and cones

A

photoreceptors; deepest against scelera

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20
Q

biopolar cells

A

interneurons that make synapses with photoreceptors and ganglion cells.
responsible for 30% of input to retinal ganglia and are regulated by amacrine cells

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21
Q

Ganglion cells

A

send axons out of the eye and into the optic nerve. the shallowest.

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22
Q

Which two groups of retinal cells are transparent?

A

ganglion and bipolar cells

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23
Q

amacrine cells

A

interneurons in the retina that are responsible for 70% of input to retinal ganglion
interneurons;
involvled in light adaptation and sensitivity to movement

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24
Q

what regulates bipolar cells in the retina?

A

amacrine cells

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25
Q

Rods

A

sensitive to low intensity light
do not discriminate colors
used mostly at night

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26
Q

Cones

A

require more light for stimulation

detect color

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27
Q

T or F: there are fewer rods than cones in the human retina.

A

False. more rods than cones.

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28
Q

In rods, the outer segment contains:

A

pigment

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29
Q

In rods, the inner segment contains:

A

nucleus & other organelles

also a synaptic terminal filled with neurotransmitter vesicles

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30
Q

Do cones rodes contain axons?

A

no

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31
Q

What are the two visual pigments?

A

Retinal & Opsins

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32
Q

Retinal

A

a chromophore vitamin;

a derivative that absorbs energy from light.

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33
Q

chromophore

A

color

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34
Q

what Vitamin is required for retinol?

A

vitamin A

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35
Q

Opsin

A

g protein coupled receptors that convert light into metabolic energy

36
Q

T or F: Opsins are sensitive to light.

A

True . allows you to see in low lit places

37
Q

2 types of Opsins:

A

rhodopsin

Photopsins

38
Q

rhodopsins are located in:

A

rods

39
Q

Photopsins are located in

A

cones

40
Q

T of F: Opsins convert a photon of light into an electromagnetic wave.

A

False electromagnetic signal. by changing permeability to ions.

41
Q

In humans, cone pigments composed of retinal plus one of ____ possible opsins.

A

3 - red, green , blue

42
Q

birds have how many opsins?

A

up to 5

43
Q

T of F: some species have 1 or 2 opsins

A

True

44
Q

Depolarization in the unstimulated state results in continuous release of ________

A

glutamate

45
Q

release of glutamate in the retina is interpretted as ..

A

an absence of light

46
Q

when exposed to light the cell______

A

hyperpolarizes and glutamate release is stopped

47
Q

when hyperpolarized the brain interprets as..

A

visual image

48
Q

T or F : photoreceptors use ATP to form cAMP as a second messenger

A

False. use GTP to form cGMP as second messengers

49
Q

Cis-retinal is stimulated by light and creates an isomer…

A

trans-retinol

50
Q

T or F : odopsin takes cGMP out of the system when light is present

A

True opsin in retinol binds to the membrane protein which activates Transducin which activates phosphodiesterase.

51
Q

cGMP can do 3 things:

A 
Make GTP (Pi Pi)
bind and open Na+ channels (depolarization)
converted to GMP
52
Q

Na channels close when cGMP

A

reacts with phosphodiesterase and makes GMP unbinding from Na+ channels closing them. (hyperpolarization.

53
Q

What makes photoreceptors different from other sensory receptor cells?

A

membrane potential is in a slightly depolarized state when the cell is at rest.

54
Q

T or F: Photoreceptors hyper polarize rather than depolarize in response to stimulus.

A

True

55
Q

Vision begins with what transformation?

A

cis retinal to trans retinal (photoisomerization)

56
Q

T or F - amacrine and horizontal cells do not modify electrical signals

A

False

57
Q

Horizontal cells are laterally interconnecting neurons located where?

A

plexiform layer of the retina; inbetween bipolar cells and photoreceptors (rods and cones)

58
Q

What regulates the input of multiple photoreceptor cells, allows eyes to adjust under light conditions, and defines boundaries of an image?

A

horizontal cells

59
Q

Amacrine cells are located?

A

between ganglion cells and biopolar cells

interneurons;

60
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell

61
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste

62
Q

Smell and taste are both examples of what type of receptors?

A

chemoreceptors

63
Q

What two types of receptors have a close relationship but are meaning less for aquatic animals?

A

taste and smell

64
Q

Proboscis

A

elongated appendage from the head of an animal either a vertebrae or invertebrae

65
Q

Proboscis in invertebrates

A

tubular; used for feeding and sucking

66
Q

proboscis in vertebrates

A

elongated nose or snout

67
Q

T or F: insects highly depend on odor and tase for finding food and mates

A

true

68
Q

what uses elaborate antennae to sense pheromones released by females

A

moths

69
Q

Olfactory sensitivity on mammals depends on…

A

the density of olfactory receptor cells

70
Q

T or F : humans have more olfactory receptors than dogs

A

False . 5 - 200 million for dogs

71
Q

Basal cells differentiate into..

A

new olfactory receptor cells.

72
Q

What kind of receptors have long cilia with receptors to bind odor molecules?

A

olfactory receptors

73
Q

Taste buds are what type of sensor?

A

chemoreceptor

74
Q

what collects food molecules and direct them to sensory receptor cells in taste buds?

A

Papillae

75
Q

T or F:tips of sensory receptor cells have microvilli that extend into taste pore.

A

True

76
Q

another word for taste bud?

A

papillae

77
Q

4 types of papillae in the human tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae
Filiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Circumvallate papillae

78
Q

fungiform papillae

A

mushroom shaped;
at the tip
and sides

79
Q

filiform papillae

A

thing long papillae “V” shaped cones;

dont contain taste buds but are the most numerous.

80
Q

What papillae are keratinized, mechanical, and not involved in gustation?

A

filiform papillae

81
Q

Foliate papillae

A

ridges and grooves towards the posterior part of the roof of the mouth

82
Q

circumvallate papillae

A

present at the back of the oral part of the tongue arranged in a circular-shaped row just in front of the sulcus terminalis of the tongue

83
Q

What are the 5 tastes?

A 
Sweet
Bitter
Savory
(signal through G receptor)
Salty
Sour
(ion channels)
84
Q

Bitter

A

back of the tongue - gprotein

85
Q

Sour

A

front on the sides - ion

86
Q

salty

A

tip(long) - ion

87
Q

sweet

A

tip center - g protein

Biology 224 (9 decks)

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