1. connect the CNS to the limbs and organs 2. conduct motor information, which travels down 3. conduct sensory information in the up direction 4. coordinate certain reflexes.

associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeleton muscles. - efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction - including all the non sensory neurons connected within skeletal muscles and skin.

a ganglion is a mass of nerve cell bodies composed mainly of connected neurons; fuse switch box 1. interconnect with other ganglia to form plexus 2. function as a relay point and intermediary connections between different structures such as the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Theme 7 Flashcards by Cody Nelson

The CNS

Integrates neural information
coordinates the activity of all parts of the body.
-Consists of brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What protects the brain in the CNS?

skull

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what protects the spinal cord in the CNS?

vertebrae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What encloses the skull and vertebrae in the CNS?

meninges.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

meninges

membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Spinal Cord

a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue;

support cells that extends from the brain via the medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of the Spinal Cord

transmits neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
Also contains neural circuits that can independently control reflexes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The PNS

consists of:
Nerves
Ganglia
-outside of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Is the PNS protected by the Blood-brain-barrier?

No. Thats the CNS.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Divisions of the PNS:

the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) *including the sensory systems
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of the PSN

connect the CNS to the limbs and organs
conduct motor information, which travels down
conduct sensory information in the up direction
coordinate certain reflexes.*

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 divisions of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) :

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Association Nerves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cranial nerves

carry information in and out of the brain stem

-smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, vision, taste, ear, neck, shoulders, and tongue.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spinal Nerves:

carry sensory information into the spinal cord motor commands.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Association Nerves

integrate sensory input and motor output

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The Motor Unit

associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeleton muscles.

efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction
including all the non sensory neurons connected within skeletal muscles and skin.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Autonomic NS (ANS or visceral NS)

control system below the level of consciousness
controls most involuntary visceral functions:
heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, savlivation ect.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What function works in tandem with the conscious mind?

breathing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Devisions of the ANS

Act on the same organs with opposing actions:
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sympathetic Nervous system

fight or flight;
increased heart rate
faster breathing
relaxed airways

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Rest-or-digest
slow heart rate
promote digestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ganglia

a ganglion is a mass of nerve cell bodies composed mainly of connected neurons;

fuse switch box*
1. interconnect with other ganglia to form plexus
2. function as a relay point and intermediary connections between different structures such as the peripheral and central nervous systems.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plexus

interconnected ganglia that for ma complex system.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

short

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

long

Preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

long

Postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

short

Sympathetic ganglia are close to the spine or organ?

close to the spine.

Parasympathetic ganglia are close to the spine or organ?

close to the organ.

Two major groups of Ganglia:

1. Dorsal root ganglia or spinal ganglia | 2. Autonomic ganglia

Dorsal root ganglia or spinal ganglia

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of afferent nerves these are interneurons of the pseudo-unipolar type.

Autonomic ganglia

contain cell bodies of autonomic nerves Postganglionic Preganglionic

pseudo-unipolar type interneurons

have an axon with two branches that act a s a single axon, often referred to as a distal process and a proximal process. (a splitter)

Postganglionic fibers

axons from the central nervous system to the ganglia

Preganglionic fibers

axons from the ganglia to the effector organ

Celiac Plexus

radiating nerve fibers; a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen consisting of the celiac ganglia .

another name for Celiac Plexus

coeliac plexus or solar plexus

Neurotransmitters

endogenous agents that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. synthesized from simple precursers (AA) readily availible

Neurotransmitters are synthesized from:

simple precursors such as amino acids.

What are packed into synaptic vesicles?

neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are relased form the postsynaptic side of a synapse following an action potential or a graded potential?

can be from both.

In the absence of electrical stimulation, Neurotransmitters are secreted how?

a low-level "baseline"

Neurotransmitters are categorized by:

size, structure and function

T or F: all nervous systems operate with combined excitatory and inhibitory actions of neurotransmitters.

True

5 classes of Neurotransmitters:

``` Choline derived Biogenic Amines Amino Acids Neuropeptides Gaseous Neurotransmitters ```

Choline derived neurotransmitter:

acetylcholine

acetylcholine is excitatory in which type of muscles?

vertebrate skeletal muscles; excite/inhib at other sites

Secretion sites of acetylcholine?

CNS;PNS; vertebrate neuromuscular junction

Biogenic Amine neurotransmitters:

Norepinephrine Dopamine Serotonin

Norepinephrine functions:

excite/inhib

norepinephrine secretion sites:

CNS; PNS

Dopamine functions:

Generally excitatory; may be inhibitory at some sites

Dopamine Secretion sites:

CNS; PNS

Serotonin functions:

generally inhibitory

Serotonin secretion sites:

CNS

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters:

GABA gamma aminobutyric acid Glycine glutamate

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) functions:

inhibitory

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) secretion sites:

CNS; invertebrate neuromuscular junction

Glycine functions:

inhibitory

Glycine Secretion Site:

CNS

Glutamate functions:

Excitatory

Glutamate Secretion site:

CNS; invertebrate neuromuscular junction.

Aspartate functions:

excitatory

aspartate secretion sites:

CNS

Neuropeptide Neurotransmitters:

substance-P | met-enkaphalin (an endorphin)

substance P functions:

excitatory

substance P secretion site:

CNS; PNS

met-enkephalin (an endorphine) functions:

generally inhibitory

met-enkephalin secretion site :

CNS

Gaseous Neurotransmitters:

CO | NO

CO functions:

uncertain

NO functions:

not in vessicles short acting - influence other cells by diffusion for male sexual dysfunction by enhance erections by increasing or mimicking action of NO on smooth muscle.

preganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons are termed:

cholinergic

uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

All postganglionic sympathetic axons are termed:

adrenergic

``` uses Noradrenaline(norepinephrine) EXCEPT: postganglionic sympathetic axons of the sweat glands, piloerectile muscles of the body hairs and the skeletal muscle arterioles that secrete acetylcholine. ```

what are the exception for all postganglionic sympathetic axons:

all are adrenergic (noradrenaline) | except: sweat glands, piloerectile muscles, skeletal muscle arterioles (all secrete acetylcholine)

Autonomic Motor Neurons are myelinated on the Pre or post Gangleonic fiber?

Preganglionic is myelinated (most)

Another term for biogenic amines:

catecholamines

catecholamines are derived from what 2 amino acids?

phenylalanine and tyrosine

what are the 2 catecholamines?

adrenalin | Noradrenaline

adrenalin (epinephrine) -

released by adrenal glands; a stress hormone; a neurotransmitter present at lower levels in the brain

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

involved in sleep, wake, fullness, attention, and feeding behaviour;

both catecholamines are secreted by what type of axons?

sympathetic axons but their proportions depend on the terminal fiber.

the adrenal medulla is considered what type of ganglion?

sympathetic

adrenal medulla

supplied by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers that secretes acetylcholine. BUT the adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin into circulation.

fight-or-flight-or-freeze response

hyperarousal; acute stress response; | First described by Walter Bradford Cannon

What was recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrom that regulates stress responses among vertebrates?

fight or flight response.

Effects of adrenaline:

stimulates heartbeat raises blood pressure dialates pupils dilates the trachea and bronchi stimulates glycogenolysis - conversion of liver glycogen into glucose shunts blood away from skin to the skeletal muscles brain and heart inhibits peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract. inhibits contraction of the bladder and rectum.

in the activation of the sympathetic system, a single preganglionic neuron usually synapses with _____ postganglionic neurons.

many

The release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is primarily so that..

the body will be exposed to sympathetic stimulation even if no postgagnlionic neurons reach them directly.

epinephrine binds to a 7 transmembrane G protein associated receptor and the result is :

liberation of glucose from glycogen.

adenyl cyclase(AC)

an intracellular enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP.

all Catecholamine receptors:

activate phosphorylase and liberate glucose and increase Ca2+ in cytoplasm.

Theme 7 Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System & Neurotransmitters & The Autonomic Nervous System I: The Sympathetic Nervous System