Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 224 > Theme 7 > Flashcards

Theme 7 Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System & Neurotransmitters & The Autonomic Nervous System I: The Sympathetic Nervous System

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The CNS

A

Integrates neural information
coordinates the activity of all parts of the body.
-Consists of brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What protects the brain in the CNS?

A

skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what protects the spinal cord in the CNS?

A

vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What encloses the skull and vertebrae in the CNS?

A

meninges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

meninges

A

membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Spinal Cord

A

a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue;

support cells that extends from the brain via the medulla oblongata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functions of the Spinal Cord

A

transmits neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
Also contains neural circuits that can independently control reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The PNS

A

consists of:
Nerves
Ganglia
-outside of the brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is the PNS protected by the Blood-brain-barrier?

A

No. Thats the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Divisions of the PNS:

A

the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) *including the sensory systems
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions of the PSN

A
  1. connect the CNS to the limbs and organs
  2. conduct motor information, which travels down
  3. conduct sensory information in the up direction
  4. coordinate certain reflexes.*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 divisions of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS) :

A

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Association Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cranial nerves

A

carry information in and out of the brain stem

-smell, vision, eye, eye muscles, mouth, vision, taste, ear, neck, shoulders, and tongue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spinal Nerves:

A

carry sensory information into the spinal cord motor commands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Association Nerves

A

integrate sensory input and motor output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The Motor Unit

A

associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeleton muscles.

  • efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction
  • including all the non sensory neurons connected within skeletal muscles and skin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Autonomic NS (ANS or visceral NS)

A

control system below the level of consciousness
controls most involuntary visceral functions:
heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, savlivation ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What function works in tandem with the conscious mind?

A

breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Devisions of the ANS

A

Act on the same organs with opposing actions:
Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sympathetic Nervous system

A

fight or flight;
increased heart rate
faster breathing
relaxed airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest-or-digest
slow heart rate
promote digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ganglia

A

a ganglion is a mass of nerve cell bodies composed mainly of connected neurons;

  • fuse switch box*
    1. interconnect with other ganglia to form plexus
    2. function as a relay point and intermediary connections between different structures such as the peripheral and central nervous systems.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plexus

A

interconnected ganglia that for ma complex system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

A

long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system are _____ in length.

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sympathetic ganglia are close to the spine or organ?

A

close to the spine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia are close to the spine or organ?

A

close to the organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Two major groups of Ganglia:

A
  1. Dorsal root ganglia or spinal ganglia

2. Autonomic ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Dorsal root ganglia or spinal ganglia

A

a nodule on a dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of afferent nerves
these are interneurons of the pseudo-unipolar type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Autonomic ganglia

A

contain cell bodies of autonomic nerves
Postganglionic
Preganglionic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

pseudo-unipolar type interneurons

A

have an axon with two branches that act a s a single axon, often referred to as a distal process and a proximal process. (a splitter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Postganglionic fibers

A

axons from the central nervous system to the ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Preganglionic fibers

A

axons from the ganglia to the effector organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Celiac Plexus

A

radiating nerve fibers; a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen consisting of the celiac ganglia .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

another name for Celiac Plexus

A

coeliac plexus or solar plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

endogenous agents that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse.
synthesized from simple precursers (AA)
readily availible

39
Q

Neurotransmitters are synthesized from:

A

simple precursors such as amino acids.

40
Q

What are packed into synaptic vesicles?

A

neurotransmitters

41
Q

Neurotransmitters are relased form the postsynaptic side of a synapse following an action potential or a graded potential?

A

can be from both.

42
Q

In the absence of electrical stimulation, Neurotransmitters are secreted how?

A

a low-level “baseline”

43
Q

Neurotransmitters are categorized by:

A

size, structure and function

44
Q

T or F: all nervous systems operate with combined excitatory and inhibitory actions of neurotransmitters.

A

True

45
Q

5 classes of Neurotransmitters:

A 
Choline derived
Biogenic Amines
Amino Acids
Neuropeptides
Gaseous Neurotransmitters
46
Q

Choline derived neurotransmitter:

A

acetylcholine

47
Q

acetylcholine is excitatory in which type of muscles?

A

vertebrate skeletal muscles; excite/inhib at other sites

48
Q

Secretion sites of acetylcholine?

A

CNS;PNS; vertebrate neuromuscular junction

49
Q

Biogenic Amine neurotransmitters:

A

Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

50
Q

Norepinephrine functions:

A

excite/inhib

51
Q

norepinephrine secretion sites:

A

CNS; PNS

52
Q

Dopamine functions:

A

Generally excitatory; may be inhibitory at some sites

53
Q

Dopamine Secretion sites:

A

CNS; PNS

54
Q

Serotonin functions:

A

generally inhibitory

55
Q

Serotonin secretion sites:

A

CNS

56
Q

Amino Acid Neurotransmitters:

A

GABA gamma aminobutyric acid
Glycine
glutamate

57
Q

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) functions:

A

inhibitory

58
Q

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) secretion sites:

A

CNS; invertebrate neuromuscular junction

59
Q

Glycine functions:

A

inhibitory

60
Q

Glycine Secretion Site:

A

CNS

61
Q

Glutamate functions:

A

Excitatory

62
Q

Glutamate Secretion site:

A

CNS; invertebrate neuromuscular junction.

63
Q

Aspartate functions:

A

excitatory

64
Q

aspartate secretion sites:

A

CNS

65
Q

Neuropeptide Neurotransmitters:

A

substance-P

met-enkaphalin (an endorphin)

66
Q

substance P functions:

A

excitatory

67
Q

substance P secretion site:

A

CNS; PNS

68
Q

met-enkephalin (an endorphine) functions:

A

generally inhibitory

69
Q

met-enkephalin secretion site :

A

CNS

70
Q

Gaseous Neurotransmitters:

A

CO

NO

71
Q

CO functions:

A

uncertain

72
Q

NO functions:

A

not in vessicles
short acting - influence other cells by diffusion
for male sexual dysfunction by enhance erections by increasing or mimicking action of NO on smooth muscle.

73
Q

preganglionic sympathetic axons and preganglionic parasympathetic axons are termed:

A

cholinergic

74
Q

cholinergic

A

uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter

75
Q

All postganglionic sympathetic axons are termed:

A

adrenergic

76
Q

adrenergic

A 
uses Noradrenaline(norepinephrine)
EXCEPT: postganglionic sympathetic axons of the sweat glands, piloerectile muscles of the body hairs and the skeletal muscle arterioles that secrete acetylcholine.
77
Q

what are the exception for all postganglionic sympathetic axons:

A

all are adrenergic (noradrenaline)

except: sweat glands, piloerectile muscles, skeletal muscle arterioles (all secrete acetylcholine)

78
Q

Autonomic Motor Neurons are myelinated on the Pre or post Gangleonic fiber?

A

Preganglionic is myelinated (most)

79
Q

Another term for biogenic amines:

A

catecholamines

80
Q

catecholamines are derived from what 2 amino acids?

A

phenylalanine and tyrosine

81
Q

what are the 2 catecholamines?

A

adrenalin

Noradrenaline

82
Q

adrenalin (epinephrine) -

A

released by adrenal glands; a stress hormone; a neurotransmitter present at lower levels in the brain

83
Q

Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

A

involved in sleep, wake, fullness, attention, and feeding behaviour;

84
Q

both catecholamines are secreted by what type of axons?

A

sympathetic axons but their proportions depend on the terminal fiber.

85
Q

the adrenal medulla is considered what type of ganglion?

A

sympathetic

86
Q

adrenal medulla

A

supplied by cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic fibers that secretes acetylcholine. BUT the adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin into circulation.

87
Q

fight-or-flight-or-freeze response

A

hyperarousal; acute stress response;

First described by Walter Bradford Cannon

88
Q

What was recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrom that regulates stress responses among vertebrates?

A

fight or flight response.

89
Q

Effects of adrenaline:

A

stimulates heartbeat
raises blood pressure
dialates pupils
dilates the trachea and bronchi
stimulates glycogenolysis - conversion of liver glycogen into glucose
shunts blood away from skin to the skeletal muscles brain and heart
inhibits peristalsis in the gastrointestinal tract.
inhibits contraction of the bladder and rectum.

90
Q

in the activation of the sympathetic system, a single preganglionic neuron usually synapses with _____ postganglionic neurons.

A

many

91
Q

The release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla is primarily so that..

A

the body will be exposed to sympathetic stimulation even if no postgagnlionic neurons reach them directly.

92
Q

epinephrine binds to a 7 transmembrane G protein associated receptor and the result is :

A

liberation of glucose from glycogen.

93
Q

adenyl cyclase(AC)

A

an intracellular enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP.

94
Q

all Catecholamine receptors:

A

activate phosphorylase and liberate glucose and increase Ca2+ in cytoplasm.

Biology 224 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions