Theme 5-Economic and Social Developments.

Question 1

What was total Russian industrial growth from 1861 to the mid 1880s

Answer 1

Around 5% per annum

Question 2

Who was the Russian minister of finance 1862-78

Answer 2

Mikhail von Reutern

Question 3

What were some of Von Reuterns economic reforms?

Answer 3

1.The treasury was reformed, with the beauracracy of taxation and budgets with the goal being the streamlining and increased efficiency.
2.Tax farming was abolished, there was an1863 reduction of import duties to promote FDI and supranational trade, as well as a govt guaranteed annual dividend to protect foreign investment ,
3.Banks and available credit lines were extended with the establishment of a state bank(1860), municipal banks*(1862) and savings banks(1869)

Question 4

What were Russian industrial advancements in the 1870s?

Answer 4

Oil extraction began at Baku in 1871, an ironworks was set up in Donetsk in 1872 and in 1879 the Naphtha extraction company was set up to exploit coal and oil resources.

Question 5

What did a third of all govt expenditure in Russia go towards in the mid 1800s?

Answer 5

Repayment of debts

Question 6

Was the Russian Rouble a stable currency

Answer 6

no lmao

Question 7

When was Von Reuterns tarif reductions removed?

Answer 7

1878

Question 8

In 1882, how many nobles owned factories in Moscow

Answer 8

700

Question 9

In 1880, what proportion of University professors came from hereditary nobility?

Answer 9

1/5th

Question 10

What was average life expectancy for the poorest serfs?

Answer 10

Less than 30 years. 27 for men and 29 for women.

Question 11

What role did the Orthodox church play in 19th century Russia

Answer 11

70% of population adhered to Orthodox doctrine, with priests playing a key role especially in rural peasant life, evenn being encouraged to divulge secrets given in confession to the Russian state.They had control over censorship as well as authority in judging Moral and Social crimes and giving punishments. They were also involved in the oppression of other denominaitons, such as the Uniate church in Ukraine

Question 12

When did Ivan Vyshnegradsky take over and what did he promote

Answer 12

1887-protectionist policies including a 30% import tariff of the raw material value to boost russian production

Question 13

Between 1881 and 1891 how much did grain exports increase but what was the method to achieve this

Answer 13

18%-starvation exporting

Question 14

When did the Russian BoP reach a surplus

Answer 14

1892

Question 15

Who succeeded Vyshnegradsky

Answer 15

Sergei Witte

Question 16

What did Witte believe was the way to limit opposition pressure

Answer 16

Economic progress and industrialization, possible only through protectionism, taxation and exporting

Question 17

Why was vyshnegradsky dismissed

Answer 17

In 1892 after the famines which were partyl his fault for starvation exporting

Question 18

What helped russia develop economically in the late 1800s

Answer 18

Foreign investment from Britain, France belgium gemrany and sweden into their industry including mining, oil and banking

Question 19

What was Russia global economy ranking in 1897

Answer 19

4th after Germany, Britain and USA

Question 20

How much land did a peasant get on average post emancipation

Answer 20

4 hectares

Question 21

What did Peasant and Noble land banks facilitate

Answer 21

loans to purchase land

Question 22

How did agriculture fare from 1870-s to 90s

Answer 22

Production improved, largely due to the efforts of the kulaks and vyshnegradskys/witte efforts, but the famine proved that the fundamental issue of not enough land or production was not solved by emancipation

Question 23

How many middle class were there according to the 1897 census

Answer 23

Half a million

Question 24

By 1864 what proportion of St petersburg workers were born peasants

Answer 24

1/3rd

Question 25

By 1880 how many peasants in the Tambov region were able to feed their family without falling into debt

Answer 25

1/3rd

Question 26

What was the life expectancy in Russia in the late 1800s

Answer 26

late 20s compared to 45 in britain, calling into doubt whether the economic developments actually made a difference

Question 27

When was the peasants land bank set up and what did it provide

Answer 27

1883-loans to facilitate the purchasing of land, however, loans just added to more debt and repayments and it was inefficient at processing requests.

Question 28

when was the nobles land labnk set up

Answer 28

1885