Social Developments to 1914 Flashcards
What was by far the biggest social change in russia up to 1914
The advent of urbanisation and industrialisation making cities important
How did the number of factory workers in cities change from 1900 to 1913
Trebled from 2 million to 6 million
How did Russia’s urban population change from 1867 to 1919
Quadrupled from 7 to 28 million
By 1914, what proportion of people in St petersburg were peasants at birth
3/4
Were the living standards in 20th century russian cities nice, and were rent prices reasonable to make up for that
no. 40% of houses had no running water or sewage system in St petersburg and 30,000 died of cholera in 1908-09
Rent was high, often half of a workers wages, which themselves were highly fluctuating, depending on skill etc leading to great income disparity.
Were woman treated fairly in cities in the early 20th century
Despite making up 1/5 of the industrial workforce, they earned less than half the average wage
What are some examples of attempts during the late 18th century to regulate conditions in cities
1892- under 12 and female labour banned in mines
1897-hours of work reduced to 11 and a half
1912-sickness and accident insurance introduced
At what Goldfields was there a major strike in 1912, and how many were killed or injured and what did this set off
Lena Goldfields, 500, a wave of sympathetic strikes throughout russia
How many total peasants in russia were there before ww1
Around 97 million
Which areas had much more support for the Bolsheviks 1917 revolution and which were centres of counter revolution
Areas with more support were in central russia with more noble influence, poor conditions, and backwards practices
More economically prosperous regions of relative liberalisation were where the counter revolution was.
What was the literacy rate in 1916
40%, well behind other European powers
How much of all nobles land was redistrubted to the peasantry between 1861 and 1905
Around a 1/3
A lack of what limited true fairness and growth during later tsarist russia
Checks on the nobles; no form of redistrubutive or progressive taxation, their influence was encouraged(see zemstvas) and regularly appointed to influential bearucratic positions
Which growing group drove a wedge through the previous centuries of russian social strata
The middle class; roles as administrators, educators and middle management propelled them to great social influence, e.g. on the zemstvo or the duma
What was perhaps the biggest change for the peasantry in late tsarist russia
The beginning of social mobility for them, able to move to cities and get relatively well paid jobs. Also the rise in political consciousness and engagement on issues beyond those traditional grievances.
