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Mr Silverman - History > Theme 2 - Changes in political parties > Flashcards

Theme 2 - Changes in political parties Flashcards

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1
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop 1780-1832
-what divide formed?

A
  • two party system - mainly ideological
  • prior, there was little to distinguish between Whigs and Tories (pejorative nicknames)
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2
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop 1780-1832
- Tories

A
  • preserve status quo i.e. powers of the monarch and Anglican church
  • oppose reform
  • strong on law and order (e.g. repression of radicals)
  • protection of property
  • Tories become more moderate in 1820s
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3
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop 1780-1832
-Whigs

A
  • more open to reform
  • reduce Crown patronage
  • tolerant of non-Anglicans
  • abolish slavery
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4
Q

How did the appeal of the parties develop 1780-1832

A
  • Tories - Anglicans and agricultural interests
  • Whigs - bankers, merchants, non-conformists and supporters of reform
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5
Q

What were the causes of changes with the Tories & Whigs 1780-1830

A
  • Leadership - Pitt (Tories) from 1783 and Fox (Whigs) influenced this significantly
  • Tories dominated government in this period - Electoral Fortunes
  • French & American Revolutions, provokes different reactions
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6
Q

Was 1780-1832 a key turning point in the development of the parties

A
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7
Q

Between 1830-46 ideological divides …..

A

deepened

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8
Q

How did the organisation of the parties develop 1830-46
Tories - what job do they create?

A
  • Conservatives react first to changes by:
  • Arranging professional electoral agents in key areas
  • Job = monitor electoral roll, organise meetings, distribute handbills etc.
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9
Q

How did the organisation of the parties develop 1830-46
Tories - what do they create on a local scale?

A
  • Local conservative associations set-up
  • Carlton Club in London - raise money, find + support candidates, ensure turnout
  • Set up ‘registration societies’
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10
Q

How did the organisation of the parties develop 1830-46
Whig

A
  • Whig Reform Club forms,
  • initially to develop policy
  • but after 1841 to improve local organisation, promote voter registration and supporting electoral candidates
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11
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop (& deepen) 1830-46
-Tories

A
  • Tories divide moderates v ultras
  • Tories become the Conservatives
  • accept moderate reform e.g 1832 as a one-off —>Tamworth Manifesto
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12
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop (& deepen) 1830-46
-Whigs - allegiance?

A
  • Lichfield House Compact (1835) —> Whigs form an agreement to work with Irish and Radical MPs (long term origin of the Liberal party - this name is used sometimes after 1835 but ideological basis of Liberalism has not yet been established.)
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13
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop (& deepen) 1830-46
-Whigs - what do they embrace?

A
  • Whigs embrace more social policies - slavery, working conditions, education, poverty, local administrative reform
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14
Q

How did the appeal of the parties develop 1830-46
-counties

A

Conservatives dominate county (rural) seats

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15
Q

How did the appeal of the parties develop 1830-46
-boroughs

A
  • Boroughs (urban) are more contested - Whigs, Radicals, Tories
  • 1841 victory + appeal of moderate policies to urban voters is forerunner for urban Toryism at the end of the century
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16
Q

List some of the policy changes which took place causing change in the parties between 1830-46

A
  • Catholic Emancipation
  • 1832 Reform Act & subsequent Whig Reforms
  • Corn Law repeal but also religion and Ireland again - divisions begin over funding for Maynooth (Catholic priest seminary in Ireland)
  • Irish coercion bill
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17
Q

How did the appeal of the parties develop 1830-46
-what signficant policy occurred in 1846

A
  • 1846 - Corn Law repeal and split between Peelites (inc Gladstone) and protectionists (Disraeli, Bentinck) leads to 20 year wilderness
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18
Q

What effect did Catholic Emancipation have 1830-46

A
  • Tories split over religious policies
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19
Q

What effect did Whig Reforms & 1832 have 1830-46

A
  • different views of reform and need to appeal to new voters
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20
Q

What effect did the corn laws have 1830-46

A
  • Stemming from Irish Potato Famine
    Corn Law repeal but also religion and Ireland again - divisions begin over funding for Maynooth (Catholic priest seminary in Ireland)
  • Peel’s ministry falls after defeat over Irish coercion bill
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21
Q

What clubs were made & by who? 1830-46

A
  • Municipal Corporations –> Francis Bonham (Carlton Club) Joseph Parkes (Reform Club)
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22
Q

How does Carlton & Reform club cause change in the parties 1830-46

A
  • Francis Bonham (Carlton Club) Joseph Parkes (Reform Club) —> growth of local politics due to the Municipal Corporations Act (1835)
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23
Q

What are the causes of change in the parties between 1830-46
- Local Whigs developments with…

A
  • non-conformists - active in local politics especially in the Midland and northern towns.
  • Conservative clubs become associated with brewers and drinkers (non-conformists are anti-drink
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24
Q

What are the causes of change in the parties between 1830-46
- Who did conservative clubs become associated with

A
  • Conservative clubs become associated with brewers and drinkers (non-conformists are anti-drink
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25
Q

What are the causes of change in the parties between 1830-46
- electoral fortunes in politics

A
  • Peel’s 100 day ministry in 1835 - leads shift from Tories to Conservatives,
  • entirely responsible for Tamworth Manifesto (his constituency), and then leads split over the Corn Laws. Disraeli too
  • & Lichfield House Compact
  • 1841 election prompts Whigs to follow Conservative organisational developments
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26
Q

Was 1780-1832 a key turning point in the development of the parties

A
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27
Q

Ideology

What party developed between 1846-86

A
  • Liberal Party out of the coalition of Whigs, Peelites, radicals and Irish MPs (1859 Willis Rooms)
  • Ideology grows after 1865 under Gladstone, initially as Chancellor (I)
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28
Q

Ideology

What were the developments in liberal ideology 1946-86

A
  • (I) Retrenchment - free trade, low tax, low spend - peaceful foreign policy
  • (II) State modernisation - army, civil service, local Government Board.
  • (III) Equality - religious discrimination removed
  • (IV) Social Reform - education, health, local poor relief etc, labour laws, licensing
  • (V) Political reform - secret ballot, 1883,4,5 Acts.
  • And increasingly (VI) Ireland
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29
Q

Ideology

What were the developments in liberal ideology 1846-86

A
  • (I) Retrenchment - free trade, low tax, low spend - peaceful foreign policy
  • (II) State modernisation - army, civil service, local Government Board.
  • (III) Equality - religious discrimination removed
  • (IV) Social Reform - education, health, local poor relief etc, labour laws, licensing
  • (V) Political reform - secret ballot, 1883,4,5 Acts.
  • And increasingly (VI) Ireland
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30
Q

Who led the modernisation of the Tory Party

A

Disraeli

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31
Q

What were Disraeli’s key aspects of the Modernisation of the Tory Party 1846-86

A
  • Tory Democracy
  • includes Social Reform (housing, health, working conditions, education),
  • whilst continuing to defend the Anglican Church
  • Still divisions over free trade or protection
  • Interventionist foreign policy
32
Q

Why did Disraeli modernise the Tory party

A
  • Initially over the 1867 Reform Act
  • & then with a deliberate broadening of the appeal of the party to embrace the new electorate
33
Q

How did the appeal of the parties develop 1846-86
-liberals

A
  • Liberals have a broad coalition but problems with conflicting interests and the need to keep them all happy
  • Liberals strength is still in the boroughs (with some Whig influence in rural areas)
34
Q

How did the appeal of the parties develop 1846-86
-conservatives

A
  • appeal to working class and urban voters increases, also brewers
35
Q

What was established in 1883 under Tory organisation

A
  • the Primrose League
36
Q

Describe the primrose League

A

Primrose League was created to promote the party and support aspiring MPs
Membership depended on subscription i.e. middle class and activities included campaigning (delivering leaflets etc).
Key significance = involving women on an equal basis to men

37
Q

Primrose League membership: under ……. in 1884, over ………… by 1891 and ……….. by 1910.

A

Primrose League membership: under 1000 in 1884, over 1million by 1891 and 2 million by 1910.

38
Q

Organisation

Conservatives lead the way in this after 18… Reform Act and defeat in the 18… election.

A

1867 & 1868

39
Q

Tory Organisation was …-down

A

top-down

40
Q

Top-down conservative organisation begins with ……….(1867) and a ………… (1870).

A

Top-down i.e. begins with setting-up of a Conservative National Union (NUCCA, 1867) and a Central Office in London (1870).

41
Q

What did someone set up which was key to Tory organisation 1846-86

A
  • First National Party agent appointed (Gorst)
42
Q

What did Gorst setting up the first National Party agent do

A
  • increases number of local associations, especially in urban / industrial areas and attempts to appeal to new voters
  • National coordination and meetings
  • Becomes an important campaigning advantage
  • Locally lots of social activities at a low cost (possibly a strength - because supporters could be mobilised but didn’t want a say)
43
Q

Liberal organisation strategy was …….

A

bottom up

44
Q

Liberal organisation strategy was ……. from …

A

bottom up, 1874

45
Q

What organisational change did liberals make

A
  • local Liberal Associations (caucuses)- aim to attract and retain working and middle class support
  • Lots of social activities like Conservatives, and support Liberal representatives (general elections and local ones - Corporations and Poor Law / health / school boards etc.
  • These develop via the National Liberal Federation (NLF)
46
Q

1846-86 change was very linked to ……….. & …………..

A

electoral fortunes & political reforms

47
Q

How did the adullamites lead change

A
  • Adullamites in 1867
  • Need to please non-conformists
  • 1874 election saw Gladstone ‘borne down in a torrent of gin and beer
  • Problem of Irish Home Rulers especially after Secret Ballot Act which was passed to appease the radicals e.g Bright
48
Q

How was reform a key impact on change 1846-86

A
  • Franchise extensions / redistribution - manage registration and ensure turnout of eligible voters
  • Anti-corruption measures - required more professional local agents to do accounts and ensure rules were adhered to (monitor spending and electoral procedures including counts, + more volunteers to work that had previously been paid for
49
Q

Who was Sir John Ghorst

A
  • Sir John Gorst - key figure in first Central Office and very successful
  • Contract ended in 1875 and was allowed to leave, but organisation quickly deteriorated which was seen as a key factor in the Conservatives 1880 defeat and Gorst was recalled to the role
  • Big advantage for Conservatives system after 1885 because central not local power
50
Q

How did Joesph Chamberlain lead liberal change

A
  • pioneer of local Liberal Party organisation in Birmingham
  • focused on tracking and advising voters to maximise Liberal success.
  • 1867 Disraeli had introduced 2 votes per person for Boroughs with 3 MPs to try to guarantee Conservative seats, but Chamberlain’s system voters were guided and 3 Liberals elected)
  • this model was taken up by other local associations
51
Q

Name 3 key figures which led conservative party change 1846-86

A

Gladstone (perhaps link to death of Palmerston, and retirement of Russell)
Disraeli (with Derby support)
Salisbury (despite opposition to Disraeli)

52
Q

Was 1780-1832 a key turning point in the development of the parties

A
53
Q

organisation of the parties 1886-1928
-1918 made parties realise they would need…

A
  • a mass membership to respond to mass electorate
54
Q

organisation of the conservatives 1886-1928
-how was the strength maintained?

A
  • local clubs & using women
55
Q

organisation of the liberals 1886-1928
-did they maintain this?

A
  • less so
  • middle-class support had increasingly drifted to the cnservative party, whilst labour also attracted others
56
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop 1886-1928

A
  • start: liberal division v con unity
  • split over home rule - unionists leave liberals for conservatives
  • new liberalism after 1900 whilst conservatve split over tarriff reform
57
Q

How did the ideology of the liberals develop 1886-1900

A
  • Liberal division compared with Conservative unity - links to electoral fortunes too
  • Gladstone’s failure over Home Rule and the Liberal defeat in 1886 led to a split in the party with the unionists
  • (i.e. opposed to Home Rule for Ireland - Whigs and some radicals, 78 of them in 1886) leaving to join the Conservatives.
58
Q

How did the ideology of the liberals develop 1900-1928

A
  • Into 1900s Conservative divisions re-emerge (Tariff Reform - i.e. protectionism again) and Liberals begin to reunite against it.
  • New Liberalism - social reform / welfare (children, unemployed, workers, retired).
59
Q

How did the ideology of the parties develop during/ post war (1886-1928)

A
  • Coalition during the war followed by Liberal decline and Labour growth.
  • 1922 was the last time in which a member of the Liberal party held government office.
60
Q

How did the appeal of the conservatives develop 1886-1928

A
  • Salisbury’s intervention of 1885 act helps create Villa Toryism (suburban voters)
  • this improved conservative electoral fortunes
61
Q

List the individuals that caused change in the parties 1886-1928

A
  • Gladstone, (v Chamberlain Radical / Unionist and Hartington representing the Whigs.)
  • Chamberlain (again) role in Conservative split too - he proposes the tariff reform (and imperial preference)
62
Q

List the big events that caused change in the parties 1886-1928

A
  • Crises - House of Lords, Ireland, World War Also - suffragettes, Trades Unions
  • 1906 election - turning point? Liberals win because of campaign (largely negative i.e. against tariff reform) and organisation.
  • Parliament Act, 1918 Reform Act (+ 1911 payment of MPs), and 1928
    Long term impact = decline of Liberals?
  • The result of single-member constituencies because the Liberals could no longer run a Liberal / Radical in tandem and take both seats)
63
Q

Was 1780-1832 a key turning point in the development of the parties

A
64
Q

How did the appeal of the labour party develop 1893 onwards

A
  • partly class-based
  • fabians, trade unions, co-operatives
  • covering a spectrum of opinions
65
Q

How did the ideology of the labour party develop 1893 onwards
-explain the origins

A
  • Ideological origins before 1893 (Marx etc and then 1880s creation of Fabians and Social Democratic Foundation).
66
Q

How did the ideology of the labour party develop 1893 onwards
-what is initial growth based on

A
  • partly based on the desire to improve representation of working class - i.e. more MPs from working class backgrounds (connected to the view that Liberals were not keen to extent working class representation).
67
Q

How did the ideology of the labour party develop 1893 onwards
-how is broad appeal ensured

A
  • Keir Hardie and other key figures avoid references to ‘socialism’ to ensure broad appeal
68
Q

Was 1780-1832 a key turning point in the development of the parties

A
69
Q

How did the organisation of the labour party develop 1893

A
  • crucial to the growth of Labour -
  • funding from the Trades Unions was needed for candidates especially until 1918 (to provide salaries for those elected) & costs of elections continued to need support from TUs after then.
  • Lib-Lab pact (1903) important in launching the party
70
Q

Causes of changes in the labour party from 1893
-what is the importance of political & social change

A
  • growing franchise, working class majority constituencies, TU power (and attacks on it such as Taff Vale in 1901
  • which provoked a reaction which increased support for the Labour movement amongst the working class), improved education etc.
71
Q

Causes of changes in the labour party from 1893
-why is political & social change not the full story?

A
  • working class interests vary across the country (agriculture, different industries, dockers etc)
  • and Labour’s growth does not entirely correlate with growth in franchise or union power
72
Q

Causes of changes in the labour party from 1893
-electoral fortunes

A
  • weakness of the Liberals starting in the 1890s can be seen as a key turning point –>
  • previously they had offered a route for representing / delivering the policies that Labour pursued
73
Q

Causes of changes in the labour party from 1893
-1906 election

A
  • 1906 election again - LRC/ILP join and become Labour Party + may have been wiped out had it not been for the Lib-Lab pact.
74
Q

Causes of changes in the labour party from 1893
-1918

A
  • 1918 was key - franchise extension and 1911 payment of MPs (not so dependent on unions)
75
Q

Causes of changes in the labour party from 1893
-WW1

A

WW1 also a possible turning point- accelerated change.

Mr Silverman - History (32 decks)

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