Summative evaluation of why the CDAs were repealed Flashcards
Background, origins & influences
Ladies National Association - why did it form
- a separate assocation for women, the LNA, was formed because initially, the National Association excluded females
Background, origins & influences
Ladies National Association - how did individuals found the movement
- In December 1869, Elizabeth Wolestenholme asked Butler with whom she had worked to promote womens’ higher eucation, to organise the women’s campaign
Background, origins & influences
Ladies National Association - what background were members from
- leaders mostly came from affluent, educated, middle class backgrounds - to hold most credibility in society & avoid charges of impropriety
- they had the time; financial independence; & moral & political commitment to devote their energy to the repeal of the movement
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Ladies National Association - how widespread was the movement?
- Nationwide network made from provinvial & local branches
- together with the NARCDA, held 900 public meetings
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Ladies National Association - how did they gain publicty, 1869
- 1869 - Ladies’ Protest published in the Daily News, signed by 124 members
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Ladies National Association - how did they gain publicty, 1875
- 1875 - The Shield (LNA newspaper) publicised the suicide of Mrs Percy
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Ladies National Association - what displayed their widespread support
- organised 18,000 petitions containing >2.5 million signatures
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Ladies National Association - how did they assert higher-political pressure
challenging liberal candidates at by-elections
significance: impact on repeal?
Ladies National Association - what was the effect of the LNA’s protest
- LNA protest attracted wide-spread publicity
- the participation of females astonished & perplexed the press & the govt
- LNA protest caused a sensation
- LNA leaders injected energy & vitality into the repeal campaign
significance: impact on repeal?
Ladies National Association - in what ways did they depend on men?
- got the support of working men
- did the LNA have to rely on men for support?
significance: impact on repeal?
Ladies National Association - what was the significance of the Shield’s publication 1875
- The Shield’s publication of Mrs Percy’s suicide re-energised the movement when it was fading
significance: impact on repeal?
Ladies National Association - what were the 2 keys strengths of the movement
- gained publicity in the press & made MPs question the idea of repeal
- maintained unity
significance: impact on repeal?
Ladies National Association - comparitively how significant was this organisation?
Far more effective than the National Association - laid the groundwork for opposition BUT the LNA did not attract much Parliamentary support.
Background, origins & influences
Josephine Butler - why did she become motivated to campaign
- Gained a love of justice from her father, who supported the abolition of slavery
- After her daughter died in 1864, in Liverpool, she took prostitutes into her home & set up a ‘home of rest’
Background, origins & influences
Josephine Butler - personality
- charismatic leader, appealed to men aswell as women
Background, origins & influences
Josephine Butler - speaking skills
gifted speaker captured the popular imagiation, inspired deep-loyalty amongst co-workers, maintaing a united movement
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Josephine Butler - organisation
- admittedly lacked organisation
- BUT was supported by committed, strong-minded and hard-working colleagues, who were deeply loyal to her
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Josephine Butler - leadership
- Charismatic leader
- her skills include focus on the issue and ensuring unity
- thus influenced/roused members of the public with her energetic campaigning and spearheaded the campaign
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Josephine Butler - dominance in the LNA
- stood out by force of her personality, which in turn enabled her to dominate the LNA & guide its policy
- like many of the leaders of the LNA she brought a wealth of campaigning the repeal of the movement
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Josephine Butler - 1870 negative reaction
- 1870: at the Colchester by-election - attacked by brothel-keepers and with flour and excrement
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Josephine Butler - belief which made her appeal widespread
- called for the diffusion of the ‘home influence’ across society
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Josephine Butler - travel
- 1870 - travelled 3700 miles & addressed 99 meetings
significance: impact on repeal?
Josephine Butler - evaluate what were her 3 main strengths/ achievements through her charisma
- was able to build support across both classes & genders
- challenged the double standard which justified male access to ‘impure’ women
- inspired many more women to fight for women’s rights
significance: impact on repeal?
Joesphine Butler: Ladies National Association - comparitively how significant was she?
- The LNA may not have been as successful without her leadership and she did garner the support of working class men BUT she lacked organisation
Background, origins & influences
James Stansfeld - why did he start supporting the movement
- Following the defeat of the Liberal govt in 1874, James Stansfeld, a strong advocate of repeal, was relieved from his responsibilities as a Cabinet minister.
- This allowed him to give his full support to repeal
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
James Stansfeld - national leadership
- He assumed national leadership of the movement and set about making it a more effective pressure group
- e.g. more electoral leagues established; drive to win over working men and residents of subjected districts
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
James Stansfeld - statistical approach
- Aimed to beat regulationists ‘on their own ground’ i.e. more facts and medical statistics to show the Acts failed to control spread of disease
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
James Stansfeld - 1875
- Encouraged formation of the National Medical Association to enlist the support of doctors
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
James Stansfeld - 1883
- Introduced motion in House of Commons that ‘the House disapproves of the compulsory examination of women under the Contagious Diseases Acts’
Significance: impact or repeal?
James Stansfeld - how did this lead to repeal in 1886?
- Stansfeld garnered support of m/class and w/class and made the movement for repeal a more effective pressure group
- He put significant pressure on the government
Significance: impact or repeal?
James Stansfeld - how did he operate both inside & outside of parliament
- inside paliament, there was an increasing n. of liberal MPs, especially newly elected radical ones, who were committed to the repeal & other moral issues
- outside parliament, there was a growing support for repeal in working men’s clubs, in the east-end of London among m/c workers
- parliament finally repealed the acts in 1886, from identifying the acts were ineffective without compulsory examination
Significance: impact or repeal?
James Stansfeld - comparitively how significant was he?
- V important when working both in and outside Parliament as he was able to put pressure on the government as well as create a more effective movement for repeal
Background, Origins, Influences
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - what was formed
- 1872-3: many different Christian denominations organised their own regional electoral leagues
Background, Origins, Influences
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - individual influence
- Henry Wilson at a national level, cutivated the support of the liberal party
Background, Origins, Influences
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - what were they against
- Nationwide repealers, who perceived themselves as outsiders,
- were united in their hatred of ‘immoral aristocrats’,
- who they believed dominated the government, the military & medical profession
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - varied support
- men & women formed separate organisations & developed distinctive methods of agitation
- working mens national league established
- depended on financial support from non-conformists + influential trade union leaders
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - challenging MPs
- challenged, & effectively embarrassed liberal candidates at by-elections:
- In 1870, repealers successfully opposed Henry Storks in Colchester
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - enabled women to influence parliament
- petitioning was used widely as it was the only consistutional way in which women, who were unable to vote, could influence parliament
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - Henry Wilson, aquiring support
- Henry Wilson was a brilliant organiser, who cultivated the support of the Liberal Party at a national level
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - Henry Wilson (early 1880s)
- Early 1880s: Henry Wilson & fellow campaigners in regional leagues helped to create a political committee of Liberal MPs to push for repeal in Parliament
Significance: impact or repeal?
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - comparitively how significant was it
- Important as these regional groups helped influence and gain support of Liberal MPS
- Also helped to make the movement a mass and nationwide one
Significance: impact or repeal?
Nationwide Grassroots Movement - How did this help lead to repeal?
- Wilson was a hard worker and created awareness of repeal
- Grassroots movements cultivated the support of Liberal MPs
- Got the support of w/c as well as business men therefore also got financial help
- Challenged Liberal MPs at by elections like Henry Storks
Background, Origins, Influences
Parliamentary Action - why was it important
- since only parliament could repeal the contagious diseases acts it was crucial to win the support of Mps
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Parliamentary Action - how was constant support provided
- private member’s bills were regularly introduced in parliament
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Parliamentary Action - 1870s
- Early 1870s - Liberal govt set up an inquiry
- Throughout the 1870s - Private members’ bills introduced in Parliament regarding repeal of the CDAs,
- BUT were not passed, as they lacked substantial support from the main parties
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Parliamentary Action - 1879
- 1879 - Conservative govt appointed another committee of inquiry
Main features of campaign - tactics & actions
Parliamentary Action - 1880s
- 1880: Liberals returned to power and Stansfeld made a Cabinet minister.
Significance: impact or repeal?
Parliamentary Action - How did this help lead to repeal in 1886?
Liberals became increasingly in favour of reform and it was the government that eventually repealed the acts.
Significance: impact or repeal?
Parliamentary Action - How significant was it?
Parliament played a key role in repealing legislation but only because of the pressure of the repeal movement.
How did Daniel Cooper campaign for the repeal of the CDAs
organised a meeting of the maangers of London’s female rescue homes in order to oppose plans to extend the system of regulation
Who was Daniel Cooper
Leader of the Northern Counties League
Significance: impact on repeal?
Daniel Cooper
- Though their propaganda had little affect & the 1869 Act was passed, foundations had been laid
- In 1869, the National Association for the repeal of the CDAs was formed
